Análisis del espesor coroideo en pacientes con queratocono

Objective. To determine and compare choroidal thickness (CT) in keratoconus (KC) patients using Enhanced Depth Imaging (EDI) OCT. Methods. A comparative cross-sectional study including 26 patients with KC and 26 healthy controls assessed with Pentacam and EDI-OCT. CT was measured manually with the Caliper function at thirteen locations at 500 µm regular intervals. Results. The average CT in T6 was 253.96 ± 88.95 μm in the KC group, and of 309.39 ± 94.11 μm in the control group (p <0.041). No significant differences in mean CT were observed in the rest of the points, including the subfoveal CT (M), 351.48 ± 106.3 vs 365.35 ± 114.6 μm, (p = 0.66). No correlation was observed between the mean subfoveal CT (M), the mean CT in the KC group, and the values of K1 (p = 0.977 and p = 0.498 respectively), K2 (p = 0.450 and p = 0.656), corneal asphericity (Q ) (p = 0.986 and p = 0.902), minimal pachymetry (Pachy) (p = 0.408 and p = 0.688), keratoconus index (KI) (p = 0.601 and p = 0.217), vertical asymmetry index (VAT) (p = 0.296 and p = 0.523), staging of KC (TKC) (p = 0.549 and p = 0.08) and corneal apex morphology. Conclusion. Significant lower CT was found in the KC group in T6 (3000 μm temporal to the fovea). No significant difference of CT values in KC patients and healthy subjects was found in the other twelve measurement locations.We found no association between the refractive and keratometric indexes obtained by corneal topography and subfoveal CT.Objetivo. Determinar y comparar el grosor de la coroides (CT) en pacientes con queratocono (KC) usando OCT con Enhanced Depth Imaging (EDI). Métodos. Estudio comparativo transversal que incluye 26 pacientes con KC y 26 controles sanos evaluados con Pentacam y EDI-OCT. El KC fue medido manualmente con la función Caliper en trece puntos a intervalos regulares de 500 µm. Resultados. El promedio de CT en T6 fue de 253,96 ± 88,95 μm en el grupo KC, y de 309,39 ± 94,11 μm en el grupo de control (p <0,041). No se observaron diferencias significativas en la media de CT en el resto de los puntos, incluyendo el CT subfoveal (M), 351.48 ± 106.3 vs 365.35 ± 114.6 μm, (p = 0.66). No se observó ninguna correlación entre la media de CT (M) subfoveal, la media de CT en el grupo KC, y los valores de K1 (p = 0,977 y p = 0,498 respectivamente), K2 (p = 0,450 y p = 0,656), la asfericidad corneal (Q) (p = 0,986 y p = 0. 902), paquimetría mínima (Pachy) (p = 0,408 y p = 0,688), índice de queratocono (KI) (p = 0,601 y p = 0,217), índice de asimetría vertical (VIA) (p = 0,296 y p = 0,523), estadificación del KC (TKC) (p = 0,549 y p = 0,08) y morfología del ápice corneal. Conclusión. Se observó un CT significativamente menor en el grupo KC en T6 (3000 μm temporal a la fóvea). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los valores del CT en los pacientes con KC y en los sujetos sanos en los 12 puntos de medida restantes. No se encontró ninguna asociación entre los índices refractivos y queratométricos obtenidos por la topografía corneal y el CT subfoveal

Registro Español de Trasplante Cardiaco. XXXI Informe Oficial de la Asociación de Insuficiencia Cardiaca de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología

Introducción y objetivos Se presentan las características clínicas y los resultados de los trasplantes cardiacos realizados en España con la actualización correspondiente a 2019. Métodos Se describen las características clínicas y los resultados de los trasplantes cardiacos realizados en 2019, así como las tendencias de estos en el periodo 2010-2018. Resultados En 2019 se realizaron 300 trasplantes (8.794 desde 1984; 2.745 entre 2010 y 2019). Respecto a años previos, los cambios más llamativos son el descenso hasta el 38% de los trasplantes realizados en código urgente, y la consolidación en el cambio de asistencia circulatoria pretrasplante, con la práctica desaparición del balón de contrapulsación (0, 7%), la estabilización del uso del oxigenador extracorpóreo de membrana (9, 6%) y el aumento de los dispositivos de asistencia ventricular (29%). La supervivencia en el trienio 2016-2018 es similar a la del trienio 2013-2015 (p = 0, 34), y ambas mejores que la del trienio 2010-2012 (p = 0, 002 y p = 0, 01 respectivamente). Conclusiones Se mantienen estables tanto la actividad del trasplante cardiaco en España como los resultados en supervivencia en los últimos 2 trienios. Hay una tendencia a realizar menos trasplantes urgentes, la mayoría con dispositivos de asistencia ventricular. Introduction and objectives: The present report describes the clinical characteristics and outcomes of heart transplants in Spain and updates the data to 2019. Methods: We describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of heart transplants performed in Spain in 2019, as well as trends in this procedure from 2010 to 2018. Results: In 2019, 300 transplants were performed (8794 since 1984; 2745 between 2010 and 2019). Compared with previous years, the most notable findings were the decreasing rate of urgent transplants (38%), and the consolidation of the type of circulatory support prior to transplant, with an almost complete disappearance of counterpulsation balloon (0.7%), stabilization in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (9.6%), and an increase in the use of ventricular assist devices (29.0%). Survival from 2016 to 2018 was similar to that from 2013 to 2015 (P = .34). Survival in both these periods was better than that from 2010 to 2012 (P = .002 and P = .01, respectively). Conclusions: Heart transplant activity has remained stable during the last few years, as have outcomes (in terms of survival). There has been a trend to a lower rate of urgent transplants and to a higher use of ventricular assist devices prior to transplant

Observation of Electron Neutrino Appearance in a Muon Neutrino Beam

The T2K experiment has observed electron neutrino appearance in a muon neutrino beam produced 295 km from the Super-Kamiokande detector with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV. A total of 28 electron neutrino events were detected with an energy distribution consistent with an appearance signal, corresponding to a significance of 7.3σ when compared to 4.92 ± 0.55 expected background events. In the PMNS mixing model, the electron neutrino appearance signal depends on several parameters including three mixing angles θ12, θ23, θ13, a mass difference Δm232 and a CP violating phase δCP. In this neutrino oscillation scenario, assuming |Δm232|=2.4×10−3 eV2, sin2θ23=0.5, δCP=0, and Δm232>0 (Δm232<0), a best-fit value of sin22θ13 = 0.140+0.038−0.032 (0.170+0.045−0.037) is obtained

Identification of Phenolic Compounds in Walnut Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis-Electrospray Ionization-microTOF

Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) are a good source of essential fatty acids, tocopherols and phenolic compounds that contribute to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, and also inhibit the oxidation of human plasma and low density lipoproteins. In this work the applicability of fast analytical determinations by capillary electrophoresis coupled with microTOF was utilized to identify different phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and flavonoids) in walnut samples. Materials and methods Different extraction systems were studied to evaluate their extraction capacity of phenolic compounds. Analyses of the phenolic fraction were done using a Beckman capillary electrophoresis instrument P/ACETM System MDQ (Beckman Instruments, Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA) equipped with a microTOFTM (Bruker Daltonik, Bremen, Germany). Results The extraction system that produced the best results was ethanol. Because of that, ethanolic extracts of walnut were analized and the phenolic compounds identified on them were chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid and ellagic acid pentoside, syringic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaroylquinic acid, catechin The individual phenolic compounds were identified by the accurate mass data of the molecular ion that were processed through the software DataAnalysis 3.4 (Bruker Daltonik GmbH), which a list of possible elemental formula by using the GenerateMolecularFormulaTM editor. Conclusions Capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful new technique that can be used to rapidly (in less than 15 min) identify and quantify possible bioactive compounds in walnut

Metabolic fingerprinting of must obtained from sun-dried grapes of two indigenous Cypriot cultivars destined for the production of ‘Commandaria’: A protected destignation of origin product

Grapes's sun-dried process is one of the most critical steps in the production of 'Commandaria', a dessert wine product that is exclusively produced in Cyprus and derived from must obtained from two indigenous grape cultivars, namely 'Mavro' and 'Xynisteri'. Despite its significant economic importance, no data regarding the primary and secondary metabolites of the aforementioned cultivars exist. Thus, in the current study, the effect of sun drying process on the qualitative attributes and phenolic profile of 'Mavro' and 'Xynisteri' musts was dissected. Musts were analyzed at harvest and at the end of the sun-drying process that corresponds to ca. 30-40% water loss. Results highlighted significant differences in chemical composition of the must before and after the sun-drying process. Except for the increase of soluble solids content, a significant increment in glucose, fructose, total acidity, total phenols and total flavonoids contents was monitored. Subsequently, forty-two phenolic compounds were identified by LC-DAD-qTOE-MS revealing the polyphenolic fingerprint of the two cultivars. Results also indicated that changes in the phenolic composition of the obtained must are not only correlated with the dehydration effect, but both synthesis or degradation reactions occurred. In particular, the increases in the concentration of hydroxybenzoic acids were higher than the concentration effect for both cultivars. Regarding to hydroxycinnamates, dehydration caused a six-fold increase of hydroxycinnamic acid content in both cultivars. Intriguingly, the concentration of some hydroxycinnamic acids such as caffeic acid dihexoside and fertaric acid isomer went descending. Although the degradation of the internal side of the skin facilitate improved extractability from the skins to the grape pulp and therefore to the grape must, the sun-drying process may also induced stilbene and lignans synthesis production. A significant effect of dehydration on the postharvest biosynthesis of three groups of flavonoids (flavonols, flavan-3-ols, flavanonols), was also observed. This study sheds some light in the substantial changes that occur in specific metabolites during the sun drying process; such metabolites can be considered as potential factors that may determine organoleptic characteristics and biological properties of the end-product

Effect of Filtration Systems on the Phenolic Content of Virgin Olive Oils by HPLC-DAD-MSD

Virgin olive oil is dominated by secoiridoid derivatives, followed by flavonoids and phenolic alcohols. These derived compounds appear in virgin olive oil and possess antioxidant activity and a lower polarity compared to those in olive fruits (as glycosidic compounds). The partition coefficients between olive oil and water depend on the structure of these compounds and the number of hydroxyl groups. The most abundant secoiridoids in virgin olive oil are the dialdehydic forms of elenolic acid linked to hydroxytyrosol or tyrosol (3,4-DHPEA-EDA or p-DHPEA-EDA) and an isomer of the oleuropein aglycone (3,4-DHPEA-EA). This can be explained by the fact that 3,4-DHPEA-EDA and 3,4-DHPEA-EDA are the compounds with the highest partition coefficients, as reported by Servili et al. [2006]. It is known that olive oil has a low quantity of water and for this reason olive oil can be considered as a water-in-oil emulsion. The presence of phenolic compounds in virgin olive oil and their high antioxidant activity can be explained by the so-called “polar paradox” dictating that: “polar antioxidants are more effective in non polar lipids, whereas non-polar antioxidants are more active in polar lipid emulsions”. An important factor to consider is the visual appearance of virgin olive oil, as it will strongly influence consumer preference. Color is an intrinsic characteristic of each food product and helps to identify it, to the extent that the consumer is disconcerted if the color changes. From a hedonistic point of view, the color of olive oil can be considered an important organoleptic attribute that is a basic criterion in assessing quality, according to consumer preferences. The compounds responsible for the color and appearance of virgin olive oil are chlorophylls, carotenoids, flavones (as apigenin and luteolin) but also water content. Chlorophylls give olive oil its yellow-green color, carotenoids contribute in the yellow-red range and flavones, having an absorbance maximum at around 330-350 nm, provide a yellow color

Phenolic profile as a tool to study the homogeneity of extra-virgin olive oils belonging to different Spanish and Italian PDOs

To belong to a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) has become very important for food, as one today´s major problems in the agricultural-food industry is to set down objective tools in order to determine the traceability of raw materials as well as finished products so that we can follow the products from the producer to the consumer. There is a great interest in foods that belong to a PDO because the quality and other essential and exclusive characteristics due to a particular geographical environment are guaranteed. We have used a capillary electrophoretic method for the simple,rapid and simultaneous characterization and quantification of the polyphenolic fraction of extra-virgin olive oil from different PDOs. To demonstrate the usefulness of this method, we have analyzed sixteen samples of a Spanish PDO and other nine samples belonging to an Italian POD (n=5). In this way, it was possible to compare the phenolic profiles of the oils of different zones of the same POD, as well as the phenolic profiles of Spanish and Italian extra-virgin olive oils. Multivariate statistics was used for differenciating the oils produced in each PDO. The correlations among several of the phenolic compounds present in the extracts of olive oil and its sensorial properties were checked as well

Identification and quantification of isomers of secoiridoids and flavonoids in olive oil by using a capillary zone electrophoresis method

Separation and determination of individual phenolic compounds in the extracts obtained from olive oil by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or solid phase extraction (SPE) use high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis coupled mostly with UV detection, although electrochemical, fluorescence and mass spectrometry detection systems have also been proposed. Gas chromatography analysis is less common because the derivatization step is essential. Nowadays, there is increasing interest in CE due to the high separation efficiency which can be obtained, the short analysis times that can result, the relatively low cost of the instrumentation and the suitability of CE for many types of compounds. In particular, this technique has recently been used for the analysis of phenolic compounds of extravirgin olive oil, olive mill wastewater and alperujo. In spite of the effort of several research groups to develop rapid and reliable CE methods for the analysis of the complete polyphenolic fraction of virgin olive oil, there are two important families, present in this polar fraction, which are not well characterized by CE: secoiridoids and flavonoids

Rapid Quantification of the Phenolic Fraction of Spanish Virgin Olive Oils by Capillary Electrophoresis with UV Detection

A rapid and reliable capillary zone electrophoresis method was used as a tool to obtain both qualitative and quantitative information about simple phenols, lignans, complex phenols (isomeric forms of secoiridoids), phenolic acids, and flavonoids in the solid-phase separation extracts from different Spanish extra-virgin olive oil in a short time (less than 6 min). Peak identification was done by using commercial and HPLC-isolated standards, studying the information of the electropherograms obtained at several wavelengths and also using the information previously reported. For the quantification of lignans and complex phenols (secoiridoid derivatives), we used a reference compound (oleuropein glucoside) at two different wavelengths (200 and 240 nm) and for the quantification of tyrosol and flavonoids, we used their commercially available standards