An Activities-based Analysis Of The Space-time Characteristics Of Tourist Travel: The Lions Of Shetland, Scotland

This study evolved as a response to the dearth of empirically-based research within the realm of island tourism. It is an attempt to combine a broad range of geographical concepts (space, time, location, perception, regions, and impacts) in achieving a more holistic understanding of tourist group travel in the region of Shetland, Scotland, through a proposed theoretical model. A total of 100 questionnaire packages were distributed in the study area, with a response rate of 71 percent. Respondents were placed into one of two groups contingent upon their activity-based interests: Special Interest (birders, fishers, history/archaeology, natural history, and other , n = 35), or General Interest (n = 36).;A triangulation methodology was used that employed two approaches and four distinct data-gathering techniques. The first approach, quantitative, relied on the implementation of a self-administered questionnaire and on a space-time budget. The questionnaire was designed to uncover both socio-demographic data in addition to the characteristics of the Shetland on-site travel experience. Conversely, the space-time budget required respondents to keep a daily record of their spatial and temporal use of attractions, facilities, accommodation and transportation in Shetland. Respondents were also required to trace their daily spatial movement on a map for each day of their Shetland vacation. The second approach, qualitative, involved the application of observations and interviews in all regions of the study area.;Data were presented using a number of techniques including tables, the model itself, in addition to maps of Shetland comparing travel groups on the basis of mean centre and weighted mean centre. In general, it was discovered that both groups differed only marginally in their use of attractions, facilities, accommodation, and transportation; in their overall movement through the four access zones of Shetland (Lerwick, Rural Mainland, Car Ferry Isles, and Passenger Ferry Isles); in the results of the questionnaire; and through an analysis of observation and interview data.;Implications of the methodological framework and the theoretical model are discussed in the context of past studies, and future research needs. Particular attention was focused on exploring attractions and their importance in the travel experience

Language, Literature, and the Negotiation of Identity

This study examines the way in which the identity of foreign workers and foreign writers in Germany is negotiated on the basis of language use and literary activity. The book presents an in-depth look at the history of immigration to Germany since the turn of the century and a description of the social situation of foreigners living there at the dawn of the twenty-first century. It emphasizes the variable nature of the German used by foreign workers in the Federal Republic and documents changes that have occurred in the field of Gastarbeiterlinguistik, in particular the shift of focus away from universal features to interpersonal aspects of foreigner-native communication. Foreign worker German is neither pidgin nor creole but rather a range of lects, some of which are fossilized at a very low level, others of which progress toward the standard dialect. The work concludes with a selective history of foreign worker literature, which emphasizes the parallels between linguistic and literary development in the immigrant community

Novel pharmacological strategies for antagonizing anti-apoptosis protein function in malignancy.

Historically, cytotoxic therapies have provided the greatest advances in the treatment of malignant disease. Although some cancers are curable, many are not. Chemotherapeutic drugs rely upon the induction of a phylogenically old, cell suicide programme termed apoptosis for their efficacy. Apoptotic sensitivity is associated with curability, whereas, intrinsic resistance plays a major role in limiting therapeutic effectiveness. Mitochondria, the centres for aerobic respiration in the cell also play a pivotal role in regulating apoptosis. The anti-death proteins Bcl-2 and Bc1-XL localize to the outer mitochondrial membrane, and are expressed at high levels in many resistant malignacies compared with normal tissues. These proteins contribute to resistance by blocking apoptosis, and therefore represent valid targets for the development of novel inhibitory strategies. This thesis presents two strategies with therapeutic potential for antagonizing the anti-death action of Bcl-2 and Bc1-XL in haematological and epithelial malignancies. The first, involves the suppression of Bcl-2 and Bc1-XL gene expression by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides in vitro and in vivo. Mathematical models of antisense pharmacology are presented. The second, targets the mitochondrial megachannel that is intimately involved in apoptosis, and is regulated by binding to Bcl-2 and Bc1-XL In order to quantitatively measure the putative apoptosis sensitizing efficacy of these approaches at single cell resolution, stochastic models are described, enabling robust estimation of the distribution of tolerances and latency preceding apoptosis. The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor interacts with the mitochondrial megachannel. Evidence is provided, that Bcl-2 resistant apoptosis sensitization is mediated in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo, by the ligand PK11195, through a mechanism involving direct megachannel regulation. This occurs not via the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor as previously thought, but through de novo generation of reactive oxygen species. Investigations of PK11195 pharmacodynamics, and molecular structural studies using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy support a novel mechanism of action

The Relationship Between Religious Beliefs, Moral Development, Self-Control, Peer Pressure, Self-Esteem, and Premarital Sex

Problem. The purpose of this study was to ascertain if there is any relationship between religious beliefs, moral development, self-control, peer pressure, self-esteem, and premarital sex, providing for a comprehensive framework for understanding this phenomenon. Method. Subjects were 148 undergraduates attending three schools in different geographic regions within the United States. Subjects were primarily between 18 and 25 years old. A survey was completed by 148 students. Data-were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and Independent-Samples t test. Results. Of the 148 students who participated in the study, 38% were Black, Hispanic, 38% were White, non-Hispanic, 10% were Hispanic, and 4% were Biracial/Multiracial. Ninety-six percent of subjects stated that they belonged to a religious faith or church, and 4% stated that they did not. With regard to whether or not the subjects had premarital sexual intercourse, 33.8% had consensual sex, 55.4% did not have sex, 8.1% had sexand were forced, and 2.7% had sex but were unsure as to whether or not it was consensual. Of those subjects who did have premarital sex, 86% of those had sex with their boyfriend/girlfriend. With two exceptions, the 8.1% of subjects who were forced to have sex were female and forced or pressured by a boyfriend/girlfriend. Most of the subjects, 49.3%, had principled morality scores in the low range. In regard to self-esteem, most of the subjects, 56.8%, scored in the average range. Self-control scores of subjects revealed that 74.3% scored in the average range. In relation to peer influence, 79.1% of subjects were not influenced by their peers on the nine issues studied. The Analysis of Variance and the Multivariate Analysis of Variance that was used to test hypotheses found non-significant differences between those who had sex and consented, those who did not have sex, those who had sex and were unsure, and those who had sex but did not consent, on religious beliefs,moral development, self-control, peer pressure, and self-esteem scores. Conclusions. For the 148 subjects attending Seventh-day Adventist colleges, the non-significant results seemed to indicate that different factors may have been influencing this sample in their premarital sexual behavior

Language, Literature, and the Negotiation of Identity

This study examines the way in which the identity of foreign workers and foreign writers in Germany is negotiated on the basis of language use and literary activity. The book presents an in-depth look at the history of immigration to Germany since the turn of the century and a description of the social situation of foreigners living there at the dawn of the twenty-first century. It emphasizes the variable nature of the German used by foreign workers in the Federal Republic and documents changes that have occurred in the field of Gastarbeiterlinguistik, in particular the shift of focus away from universal features to interpersonal aspects of foreigner-native communication. Foreign worker German is neither pidgin nor creole but rather a range of lects, some of which are fossilized at a very low level, others of which progress toward the standard dialect. The work concludes with a selective history of foreign worker literature, which emphasizes the parallels between linguistic and literary development in the immigrant community

AMPTE/CCE‐SCATHA simultaneous observations of substorm‐associated magnetic fluctuations

This study examines substorm-associated magnetic field fluctuations observed by the AMPTE/CCE and SCATHA satellites in the near-Earth tail. Three tail reconfiguration events are selected, one event on August 28, 1986, and two consecutive events on August 30, 1986. The fractal analysis was applied to magnetic field measurements of each satellite. The result indicates that (1) the amplitude of the fluctuation of the north-south magnetic component is larger, though not overwhelmingly, than the amplitudes of the other two components and (2) the magnetic fluctuations do have a characteristic timescale, which is several times the proton gyroperiod. In the examined events the satellite separation was less than 10 times the proton gyroradius. Nevertheless, the comparison between the AMPTE/CCE and SCATHA observations indicates that (3) there was a noticeable time delay between the onsets of the magnetic fluctuations at the two satellite positions, which is too long to ascribe to the propagation of a fast magnetosonic wave, and (4) the coherence of the magnetic fluctuations was low in the August 28, 1986, event and the fluctuations had different characteristic timescales in the first event of August 30, 1986, whereas some similarities can be found for the second event of August 30, 1986. Result 1 indicates that perturbation electric currents associated with the magnetic fluctuations tend to flow parallel to the tail current sheet and are presumably related to the reduction of the tail current intensity. Results 2 and 3 suggest that the excitation of the magnetic fluctuations and therefore the trigger of the tail current disruption is a kinetic process in which ions play an important role. It is inferred from results 3 and 4 that the characteristic spatial scale of the associated instability is of the order of the proton gyroradius or even shorter, and therefore the tail current disruption is described as a system of chaotic filamentary electric currents. However, result 4 suggests that the nature of the tail current disruption can vary from event to event

How Water's Properties Are Encoded in Its Molecular Structure and Energies.

How are water's material properties encoded within the structure of the water molecule? This is pertinent to understanding Earth's living systems, its materials, its geochemistry and geophysics, and a broad spectrum of its industrial chemistry. Water has distinctive liquid and solid properties: It is highly cohesive. It has volumetric anomalies-water's solid (ice) floats on its liquid; pressure can melt the solid rather than freezing the liquid; heating can shrink the liquid. It has more solid phases than other materials. Its supercooled liquid has divergent thermodynamic response functions. Its glassy state is neither fragile nor strong. Its component ions-hydroxide and protons-diffuse much faster than other ions. Aqueous solvation of ions or oils entails large entropies and heat capacities. We review how these properties are encoded within water's molecular structure and energies, as understood from theories, simulations, and experiments. Like simpler liquids, water molecules are nearly spherical and interact with each other through van der Waals forces. Unlike simpler liquids, water's orientation-dependent hydrogen bonding leads to open tetrahedral cage-like structuring that contributes to its remarkable volumetric and thermal properties