COPPADIS-2015 (COhort of Patients with PArkinson's DIsease in Spain, 2015), a global--clinical evaluations, serum biomarkers, genetic studies and neuroimaging--prospective, multicenter, non-interventional, long-term study on Parkinson's disease progressio

Background: Parkinson?s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing motor and non-motor symptoms that can affect independence, social adjustment and the quality of life (QoL) of both patients and caregivers. Studies designed to find diagnostic and/or progression biomarkers of PD are needed. We describe here the study protocol of COPPADIS-2015 (COhort of Patients with PArkinson?s DIsease in Spain, 2015), an integral PD project based on four aspects/concepts: 1) PD as a global disease (motor and non-motor symptoms); 2) QoL and caregiver issues; 3) Biomarkers; 4) Disease progression.Methods/design: Observational, descriptive, non-interventional, 5-year follow-up, national (Spain), multicenter (45 centers from 15 autonomous communities), evaluation study. Specific goals: (1) detailed study (clinical evaluations, serum biomarkers, genetic studies and neuroimaging) of a population of PD patients from different areas of Spain, (2) comparison with a control group and (3) follow-up for 5 years. COPPADIS-2015 has been specifically designed to assess 17 proposed objectives. Study population: approximately 800 non-dementia PD patients, 600 principal caregivers and 400 control subjects. Study evaluations: (1) baseline includes motor assessment (e.g., Unified Parkinson?s Disease Rating Scale part III), non-motor symptoms (e.g., Non-Motor Symptoms Scale), cognition (e.g., Parkinson?s Disease Cognitive Rating Scale), mood and neuropsychiatric symptoms (e.g., Neuropsychiatric Inventory), disability, QoL (e.g., 39-item Parkinson?s disease Quality of Life Questionnaire Summary-Index) and caregiver status (e.g., Zarit Caregiver Burden Inventory); (2) follow-up includes annual (patients) or biannual (caregivers and controls) evaluations. Serum biomarkers (S-100b protein, TNF-?, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, vitamin B12, methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, uric acid, C-reactive protein, ferritin, iron) and brain MRI (volumetry, tractography and MTAi [Medial Temporal Atrophy Index]), at baseline and at the end of follow-up, and genetic studies (DNA and RNA) at baseline will be performed in a subgroup of subjects (300 PD patients and 100 control subjects). Study periods: (1) recruitment period, from November, 2015 to February, 2017 (basal assessment); (2) follow-up period, 5 years; (3) closing date of clinical follow-up, May, 2022. Funding: Public/Private. Discussion: COPPADIS-2015 is a challenging initiative. This project will provide important information on the natural history of PD and the value of various biomarkers

Cráneo de un ejemplar de museo del ratón Microtus guatemalensis

Vista lateral izquierda del cráneo de una hembra adulta, lactante, colectada el 24 de octubre de 1993; longitud total del cráneo 26 mm, anchura cigomática 15 mm, anchura de la bóveda craneal 10 mm. Categoría de riesgo de extinción en México: amenazada. Endémica de México: no

Vista lateral de la mandibula de mono aullador o saraguato, adulto, sexo desconocido (Alouatta palliata)

Mandibula 40 mm de ancho y 77 mm de largo total. Categoria de riesgo de extincion en Mexico = amenazada

Vista dorsal del craneo de mono aullador o saraguato, adulto, hembra (Alouatta palliata)

Longitud total del craneo 85 mm, anchura cigomatica 51 mm, anchura boveda craneal 30 mm. Categoria de riesgo de extincion en Mexico = amenazada

Vista lateral de la mandibula de mono aullador o saraguato, adulto, hembra (Alouatta palliata)

Mandibula 25 mm de ancho y 62 mm de largo total. Categoria de riesgo de extincion en Mexico = amenazada

Vista ventral comparativa de los cráneos de las ardillas Sciurus oculatus (izquierda) y S. aureogaster (derecha).

La flecha indica la presencia del premolar superior 3 en la maxila izquierda de Sciurus aureogaster, lo que contrasta con la ausencia del mismo en las maxilas de S. oculatus. El proceso supraorbital izquierdo de S. aureogaster está roto