The Biodiversity and Geochemistry of Cryoconite Holes in Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica

Cryoconite holes are oases of microbial diversity on ice surfaces. In contrast to the Arctic, where during the summer most cryoconite holes are ‘open’, in Continental Antarctica they are most often ‘lidded’ or completely frozen year-round. Thus, they represent ideal systems for the study of microbial community assemblies as well as carbon accumulation, since individual cryoconite holes can be isolated from external inputs for years. Here, we use high-throughput sequencing of the 16S and 18S rRNA genes to describe the bacterial and eukaryotic community compositions in cryoconite holes and surrounding lake, snow, soil and rock samples in Queen Maud Land. We cross correlate our findings with a broad range of geochemical data including for the first time 13C and 14C analyses of Antarctic cryoconites. We show that the geographic location has a larger effect on the distribution of the bacterial community compared to the eukaryotic community. Cryoconite holes are distinct from the local soils in both 13C and 14C and their isotopic composition is different from similar samples from the Arctic. Carbon contents were generally low (≤0.2%) and older (6–10 ky) than the surrounding soils, suggesting that the cryoconite holes are much more isolated from the atmosphere than the soils

Final report on the updating service on environmental chemicals in freshwater for the period 9.1.89 to 9.7.89

This report presents five batches of data which have been despatched to the Joint Research Centre, Ispra. The data as been allocated to various ECDIN (Environmental Chemicals Data and Information Network) files. The data comprises environmental chemicals in the freshwater environment, taking in paricular consideration: aquatic toxicity, bioaccumulation, metabolism and elimination biodegradation

Factors Controlling Structural and Floristic Variation of Riparian Zones in a Mountainous Landscape of the Western United States

We examined landscape patterns in the physical conditions and vegetative composition of montane riparian zones to identify their most important sources of variation. Information on plant species cover and on physical characteristics that occur at coarse, medium, and fine scales was collected for 144 riparian plots located throughout the Lake Tahoe Basin, which straddles the California-Nevada border in the western United States. Constrained and unconstrained ordination analyses were used to identify the most important correlates of physical form and plant species composition. Through multivariate analysis of environmental variables (principal components analysis), vegetation data (detrended correspondence analysis), and the combined relationship between the environmental and vegetation data (canonical correspondence analysis), we consistently found that the greatest variation occurred along a gradient of decreasing valley width, decreasing stream sinuosity, and increasing stream slope. Although surface characteristics reflected a 2nd important source of variation in physical conditions, plant species distribution was not strongly correlated with riparian surface conditions. Strong correlations among physical variables that occur at different scales, such as between valley form and geofluvial surface and between geofluvial surface and surface conditions, support the use of a physically based hierarchical framework for organizing riparian zones within the landscape. Such a hierarchical framework would be useful for interpreting patterns in riparian structure and process at different scales and could be applied to riparian zones in other mountain landscapes of the western United States and elsewhere. Moreover, our finding that riparian plant species composition is most strongly correlated with environmental variables that occur at coarse to moderate scales, most of which can be derived from existing data, supports the idea that modeling montane riparian community distribution using topographic and remotely sensed data could be useful; however, a large degree of species variation, unexplained by the variables we collected, indicates that other variables, perhaps disturbance regime, should be included in such a venture

Hydrogen reliquifier Quarterly report, 27 Sept. - 26 Dec. 1967

Computer analyzed hydrogen reliquefier cycles for selection of optimal cycle, rates, and heat exchanger

Detecting Fire and Grazing Patterns in Tallgrass Prairie Using Spectral Mixture Analysis

Global grasslands are typically under management practices (such as fire and grazing) that alter nutrient cycling, ecosystem composition, and distribution of organic matter from the unmanaged condition. We evaluated landscape-level response to fire and grazing treatments in the Konza Tallgrass Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas, using spectral mixture analysis of Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data acquired 31 August 1990. Spectral mixture analysis derives the fractional abundances of spectrally unique components in the landscape. The reflectance spectra of these components are called endmembers. Endmember fractions values were compared against ground values of live biomass, current standing dead biomass, and litter for 12 watersheds. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on 37 watersheds with known burning and grazing histories for each of the remote sensing variables. Seven endmembers were selected from the AVIRIS data using a manual endmember selection method: nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV), soil, rock, shade, and three green vegetation endmembers (GV1, GV2, and GV3). Each vegetation endmember correlated differently to biomass measurements and revealed unique relationships to management treatments. From regressions, ANOVAs, and image analysis, these three endmembers were inferred to represent canopy vertical structure or leaf area index (LAI), greenness, and fractional cover of grass, respectively. There was a stronger relationship between the sum of GV1 and GV3 fractions and live grass biomass values than there was with the (unsummed) individual fractions. In an ANOVA, the sum separated both burn and grazing treatments as well as the treatment interaction. The NPV fraction was strongly correlated with ground measurements of litter and standing dead biomass, and significantly separated burn treatments. The soil fraction differentiated grazing treatments, and analysis of the soil fraction image revealed a spatial coherence of grazing patterns along drainages. Similar analyses were perfomed on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a commonly used two-band index computed from red and near-infrared reflectance. NDVI, shown in previous studies to estimate the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by green vegetation (FPAR), was a poor indicator of canopy biomass, but it successfully separated fire treatments. Broad-scale assessment of the state and structure of managed grassland systems requires the identification of several indicator variables. Spectral mixture analysis, unlike NDVI, not only separated treatments but also allowed for the identification of five remotely sensible factors affected by the management treatments, namely, vertical structure, percentage cover or patchiness, greenness, and distribution of soil and litter

Analisis Penguasaan Pemilikan Penggunaan Dan Pemanfaatan Tanah (P4t) Berbasis Bidang Menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis (Sig) (Studi Kasus : Kelurahan Tembalang Tahun 2015)

Tembalang merupakan wilayah yang memiliki perkembangan yang sangat dinamis, karena selain fungsinya sebagai kawasan pemukiman, Tembalang juga merupakan kawasan pendidikan. Pembangunan kampus Univesitas Diponegoro (UNDIP) yang dimulai sejak tahun 1990-an sampai dengan saat ini membuat banyak Perubahan bagi TembalangData yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa peta administrasi Kelurahan Tembalang, citra GeoEye terkoreksi tahun 2013 dan sebaran persil BPN. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah identifikasi pada obyek bidang tanah berupa poin penggunaan, pemanfaatan, pemilikan, dan penguasaan tanah.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan hasil berupa peta yang akurat dan teliti mengenai sebaran bidang tanah lengkap dengan penggunaan, pemanfaatan, pemilikan, dan penguasaan tanah di Kelurahan Tembalang. Penggunaan tanah di Kelurahan Tembalang sebagian besar merupakan tanah kosong sudah diperuntukan dengan persentase 33,930%, pemanfaatan terbanyak adalah pemanfaatan campuran sebesar 29,68%, pemilikan tanah oleh negara sebesar 67,80% dan penguasaan tanah oleh negara sebesar 67,80%. Pola hubungan yang terjadi antara penguasaan, pemilikan, penggunaan, dan pemanfaatan tanah di Kelurahan Tembalang sebanyak 103 pola dengan pola yang mendominasi adalah pola penguasaan oleh negara dengan status kepemilikan tanah milik negara yang penggunaannya sebagai tanah kosong sudah diperuntukan dan dimanfaatkan sebagai pemanfaatan campuran dengan persentase 24,3454 % dan luas 93,045 Ha.Kata Kunci : Penguasaan, Pemilikan, Penggunaan, Pemanfaatan ABSTRACKTembalang is an area that has a very dynamic growth. It has a function not only for settlement area but also as an education area. The establishment of Diponegoro University (UNDIP) that started since 1990s until now, makes much changes for Tembalang.The data that is used in this study is a map of Tembalang, corrected GeoEye images from 2013 and BPN plot distribution. This study uses a method of identification of land area objects that are in the form of land use, utilization, ownership and authorization point.This study is being done to get a result that is in the form of accurate and precise maps about land area distribution with their land use, utilization,ownership and authorization at Tembalang. Land use at Tembalang district is mostly reserved barren land at 33,93%, the most use is mixed use at 29,68%, land ownership by the government at 67,80% and land authority by the government at 67,80%. The amount of correlation pattern that happens between land authority, land ownership, land use and utilization in Tembalang district is 103 pattern. With the dominating pattern which is authority by the government – land ownership by government – land use of reserved barren land – mixed use at 24,3454% and the area is 93,045 Hectare

Structural Determinants Allowing Transferase Activity in SENSITIVE TO FREEZING 2, Classified as a Family I Glycosyl Hydrolase

Background: SENSITIVE TO FREEZING 2 (SFR2) is classified as a glycosyl hydrolase, and by using glycosyltransferase activity, it modifies membrane lipids to promote freeze tolerance. Results: Although the active site of SFR2 is identical to hydrolases, adjacent loop regions contribute to its transferase activity. Conclusion: Transferase activity evolved by modifications external to the core catalytic site. Significance: Defined structure-function relationships will inform engineering of transferases and freeze tolerance

Online Search Behavior in the Air Travel Market: Reconsidering the Consideration Set and Customer Journey Concepts

The online air travel market is a complex and dynamic multi-channel environment in which consumers use a range of decision criteria to search for their best flight options. Online Travel Agents and Price Comparison Engines have transformed the search process and enhanced market transparency. These Air Travel Intermediaries (ATIs) are sophisticated decision support tools that enable online search and booking across thousands of flight options for all users, regardless of user expertise. An experiment was conducted to explore the detailed search behavior and processes of 29 individuals. A revised model of the customer journey as search funnel and a different operationalization of the consideration set is described that are more realistic representations of actual search behavio