Speech-acts and convention

In both parts of the paper it is argued that Austin has by grouping together words in some important way dissimilar made possible criticisms which further distinctions would allow him to deal with. The division of illocutionary verbs into those relying on essentially linguistic conventions and those not essentially linguistic is an attempt to remove certain obvious difficulties in the locutionary/illocutionary distinction. Grice's theory of intention-recognition is used to consolidate the locutionary/illocutionary/perlocutionary distinction. But Austin's attempts to justify his distinction between locutionary/illocutionary/perlocutionary were only a part of his philosophy of language. In "A Plea for excuses" his analysis of certain adjectives seems to rely on certain principles of linguistic propriety which remain implicit. As in his analysis of illocutionary force, he is concerned here with the many ways actions can fail to be carried off. Thus, in the second part, I try to show what are the principles that are implicit and claim that some but not all of the linguistic facts Austin started from might be better explained by principles different from the ones he had in mind. Nevertheless it does seem that the behaviour of some of the adjectives Austin discusses cannot be explained in the way his critics would like. I conclude that no one theory will explain the different adjectives Austin listed.<p

Salvador Allende y las ciencias sociales

Insulin-like growth factor and insulin are phylogenetically closely related polypeptides and have large structural and biological similarities. Low circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), diabetes as well as insulin resistance have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, but the mechanisms involved are still not clear. Furthermore, little is known about direct effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin on human micro- and macrovascular cells. In these studies we investigated the expression and function of insulin-like growth factor-I receptors (IGF-IR) and insulin receptors (IR) in human micro- and macrovascular endothelial cells and in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Our results showed expression of both IGF-IR and IR in human dermal microvascular (HMVEC), aortic (HAEC) umbilical vein (HUVEC) and coronary artery (HCAEC) endothelial cells as well as in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HASMC). The gene expression of IGF-IR was several times more abundant than that of IR. Ligand binding studies confirmed that the IGF-IR was severalfold more abundant than the IR. It also demonstrated that insulin and glargine interacted with the IGF-IR with thousand- and hundredfold, respectively, less potency than IGF-I itself. The presence of IGF-IR and IR proteins and activation of their β-subunits was revealed by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis in human macrovascular endothelial cells and in coronary artery smooth muscle cells. At physiological concentrations (≤10-9 M) IGF-I and insulin activated their cognate receptors. The presence of hybrid IR/IGF-IR was shown through detection of the β-subunit for IGF-IR and IR on the same membrane by Western blot after immunoprecipitation with specific antibodies against either IGF-IR or IR, implying coprecipitation of the IGF-IR β-subunit and the IR β-subunit. The inability of physiological concentrations of insulin to phosphorylate IR β-subunit immunoprecipitated with IGF-IR antibodies and that IGF-I at physiological concentration activates the IR β-subunit is another evidence for the presence of the hybrid IR/IGF-IR. At physiological concentrations (≤10-9 M) IGF-I stimulated DNA synthesis and glucose incorporation into human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC) and DNA synthesis in microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC), but not in human macrovascular endothelial cells (HCAEC or HUVEC). No effect of insulin was found. Although physiological concentrations of insulin (≤10-9 M) were able to activate IR, insulin had no biological effects on the vascular cells studied. A possible explanation is that the insulin receptor signalling is too attenuated due to the presence of hybrid IR/IGF-IR and low number of IR expressed in the cells studied. Regarding the safety in the use of glargine, we show that glargine has 10-fold higher affinity for IGF-IR than human insulin. However, the glargine concentrations obtained in vivo during diabetes treatment is too low to affect the IGF-IR. In conclusions our studies provide experimental evidence that human micro- and macrovascular endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells express both IGF-IR and IR. Our in vitro data suggest that the cells studied are sensitive to IGF-I, but insensitive to insulin and this is due to the preponderance of IGF-IR and presence of hybrid IR/IGF-IR

Effectiveness Fund Village Improvement in the Sea in the Village Development District Pineleng Minahasa

This research thesis preparation with a view to obtaining a bachelor's degree in social and political science faculty, that there are problems in the process and in the implementation of increased development funds through the village in the Village District of Pineleng Minahasa Sea. Researchers saw that the lack of cooperation between government and community development improvement. In stepping up development in the Village Sea through the village fund or assistance from the central government to village aspired to achieve a prosperous society and is able to manage the autonomy in the village in accordance with the laws that exist to growth and change in a planned and conscious taken by a country and nation toward modernity in order to develop the nation. But what happens the public still was not satisfied with the performance of the government's development, as seen from the problems that occur through the government's development is still lacking precise targets and a lack of consistency on the part of the government regarding village development forum that governments actually took the benchmark through deliberation village, which has been set in the deliberations when in fact it should be done instead of carrying out construction just see where that becomes personal or group interests to seek opportunities through the village fund for rural development and implicated in political elements

Dynamical models for sand ripples beneath surface waves

We introduce order parameter models for describing the dynamics of sand ripple patterns under oscillatory flow. A crucial ingredient of these models is the mass transport between adjacent ripples, which we obtain from detailed numerical simulations for a range of ripple sizes. Using this mass transport function, our models predict the existence of a stable band of wavenumbers limited by secondary instabilities. Small ripples coarsen in our models and this process leads to a sharply selected final wavenumber, in agreement with experimental observations.Comment: 9 pages. Shortened version of previous submissio

Sistemas operativos orientados a la seguridad informática

En los últimos años Internet ha ido tomando un rol crucial en la vida moderna de las personas, el comercio, las organizaciones gubernamentales, etc. Este hecho ha convertido a dicho recurso en un medio/herramienta para que se lleven a cabo ataques de diversa índole a los distintos componentes conectados a la red. Esto ha dejado entrever la necesidad de analizar la infraestructura y el software que se utiliza día a día, teniendo como principal objetivo de revisión, aquellas funcionalidades o características de seguridad que los mismos poseen. El presente trabajo propone una línea de investigación que tiene como principales lineamientos I) el estudio de los Sistemas Operativos orientados a la Seguridad Informática en conjunto con las herramientas que los mismos proveen; y II) el estudio e inspección de distintos tipos de software maliciosos utilizados en los diversos ataques.Eje: Seguridad InformáticaRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Sistemas operativos orientados a la seguridad informática

En los últimos años Internet ha ido tomando un rol crucial en la vida moderna de las personas, el comercio, las organizaciones gubernamentales, etc. Este hecho ha convertido a dicho recurso en un medio/herramienta para que se lleven a cabo ataques de diversa índole a los distintos componentes conectados a la red. Esto ha dejado entrever la necesidad de analizar la infraestructura y el software que se utiliza día a día, teniendo como principal objetivo de revisión, aquellas funcionalidades o características de seguridad que los mismos poseen. El presente trabajo propone una línea de investigación que tiene como principales lineamientos I) el estudio de los Sistemas Operativos orientados a la Seguridad Informática en conjunto con las herramientas que los mismos proveen; y II) el estudio e inspección de distintos tipos de software maliciosos utilizados en los diversos ataques.Eje: Seguridad InformáticaRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Effects of silicon dioxide as the polar dielectric on the infrared absorption spectrum ofthemetal-insulator-metal metasurface

Metal-insulator-metal metasurfaces have been widely used as high-performance absorbers in almost all electromagnetic spectral ranges. Their absorption spectra can be engineered by making variations in the geometry of the unit cells and/or by embedding materials with specific optical constants. Including a polar dielectric in their structure is another approach for manipulating their absorption spectra. In this research, we have numerically and experimentally investigated the effect of using silicon dioxide (SiO2) as a polar dielectric on the absorption spectrum of a metal-insulator-metal metasurface composed of a tri-layer of Ni-SiO2-Ni. Our results have shown the presence of absorption peaks in the mid-infrared which are attributed to the excitation of the optical phonons in the SiO2 spacer layer. Particularly, the excitation of the Berreman mode in the SiO2 spacer layer was observed and its effect on the total absorption spectrum is studied. The parametric effects of the top patterned Ni layer, the incident angle, and the polarization are also investigated. This study can provide engineering capabilities for the mid-infrared absorbers and reflection filters

Uncertainty in the Representation of Orography in Weather and Climate Models and Implications for Parameterized Drag

The representation of orographic drag remains a major source of uncertainty for numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models. Its accuracy depends on contributions from both the model grid‐scale orography (GSO) and the subgrid‐scale orography (SSO). Different models use different source orography datasets and different methodologies to derive these orography fields. This study presents the first comparison of orography fields across several operational global NWP models. It also investigates the sensitivity of an orographic drag parameterisation to the inter‐model spread in SSO fields and the resulting implications for representing the northern hemisphere winter circulation in a NWP model. The inter‐model spread in both the GSO and the SSO fields is found to be considerable. This is due to differences in the underlying source dataset employed and in the manner in which this dataset is processed (in particular how it is smoothed and interpolated) to generate the model fields. The sensitivity of parameterised orographic drag to the inter‐model variability in SSO fields is shown to be considerable and dominated by the influence of two SSO fields: the standard deviation and the mean gradient of the SSO. NWP model sensitivity experiments demonstrate that the inter‐model spread in these fields is of first‐order importance to the inter‐model spread in parameterised surface stress, and to current known systematic model biases. The revealed importance of the SSO fields supports careful reconsideration of how these fields are generated, guiding future development of orographic drag parameterisations and re‐evaluation of the resolved impacts of orography on the flow