Money Supply, Foreign Exchange Regimes and Economic Growth in Nigeria.

The study empirically examines the effect of money supply, foreign exchange on Nigeria economy, in line with the objectives of this study, secondary data were obtained from central bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin covering the period of 1988 to 2010. In concluding the analysis, multiple regressions were employed to analyze data on such variables Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Narrow Money, Broad money, exchange rate and interest rate were all found have significant effects on the Economics Growth with the Adjusted R2 of 0.973 showing that about 97.3% variation in the GDP from 1988 to 2010 is due to NARM. Following the outcome of this study, it is therefore concluded that the growth in money supply was attributed to credits extended by the deposit money banks to the private sector. It is order to improve economic growth, it is recommended Nigeria Banks should be committed to the mission of price stability as well as improving the regulatory and supervisory frameworks to secure a strong financial sector for efficient intermediation. Key words; Money supply; CBN; exchange rate; Narrow money; Broad money; Nigerian Economy

Business Plan for Ade Farm Food Production Company NIG LTD

Ade Farmers Food Production is a family farms business, it focuses to produce more food in quantity and to be packaging in a different kg, also to be added to the value of Nigeria economies and to contribute many benefits for communities. In addition, we have a plan to extend to many countries in Asia, like Malaysia, China, Dubai. Farmers Food production is one of the successful food farms. The idea behind the business is to provide healthy and delicious semovita and emails to the public. In addition to semovita and mails the company plans to produce and market manure compost garden amendment products. Farmers Food productions being formed from the family successful food farms, The latter has long-researched horticultural and agronomic techniques, as well as compost and land blending technology now being promoted by the farmer association of Oyo state agencies. The company is a combination of cutting edge, highest quality, and efficient food technology and production

Food Insecurity Status of Rural Households during the Post-Planting Season in Nigeria

About two-thirds of rural households in Nigeria are engaged in crop and livestock production as their main source of livelihood. These households are especially vulnerable to chronic food shortages owing to adverse weather and the unavailability of enough food from home production, especially during the post-planting season. This study attempts a proper empirical identification of the food insecure and the reasons for their insecurity, through a profile of food insecurity indices and an investigation of the factors influencing their status during the post-planting season in rural Nigeria. We construct food insecurity indices and specify a probabilistic model, employing the post-planting visit data of the first wave of the General Household Survey-Panel (2010). Results showed that almost half (49.4 percent) of rural households in the country were food insecure during the post-planting period. Identified key rural food insecurity determinants include: gender of household head, tertiary education of household head, access to both formal and informal credit and remittances, household size, dependency ratio and living in the North-Central, North-East, South-East and South-West Geopolitical zones of the country. Since food availability remained below the required levels for large parts of the rural populace during this season, identified food insecure households should be targeted for safety nets

Comparative Pre- and Post-treatment Effects of Nigella Sativa Oil on Lipid Profile and Antioxidant Enzymes in a Rat Model of Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Lipid profile dysregulation and oxidative stress are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease in diabetic individuals. Nigella Sativa (NS) oil has been reported to have a favorable effect on triglycerides (TG) in rat models of diabetes mellitus. There is a dearth of information available about preventive or corrective use to manage and ameliorate diabetes. Aim: This study sought to ascertain the comparative pre and post-treatment effects of the oil on TG, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, and key antioxidant enzymes levels in diabetic rats. Methods: Thirty (30) Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each as follows: Group I rats took normal chow ad libitum and served as Control. Group II rats were induced with diabetes using streptozocin (50 mg/Kg BW). Group III and IV rats were pre-administered with 0.5 and 1 ml of the oil, respectively, before induction, whereas Group V and VI rats were treated with 0.5 and 1 ml of the oil after induction. The listed parameters were assessed in the plasma at the end of the study. Results: Diabetes induction caused a significant increase in the TG level. There was no significant change in the oxidative stress parameters. Only post-administration caused a significant reduction in TG level, whereas both pre and post-administrations caused a significant improvement in HDL levels. Both pre- and post-administrations caused an increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase levels when causing a significant reduction in malondialdehyde level. Conclusion: Post-induction treatment may be more effective in the correction of lipid dysregulation and oxidative stress in diabetes. Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes, atherogenic index, diabetes, lipid profile, Nigella sativ

Prevalence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury among Amateur Footballers in Enugu, South‑East Nigeria: The Need for Injury Prevention Programs

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is debilitating to any footballer. The injury is sustained in different ways during sportingevents. There is need for injury prevention programs among the growing population of amateur footballers. Aim: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of ACL injury among Amateur footballers in Enugu, South‑East Nigeria. Methodology: An observational study involving 825 of the registered amateur footballers in Enugu Metropolis. Oral interview and adapted knee pain evaluation form were used to screen for knee injuries and followed by Lachman and Pivot shift test to confirm ACL injury. Results: The mean age of the participants was 22.7 ± 3.1. The prevalence of ACL injury was 3.6% among the study population (8% for females and 3.5% for males), 56.6% among the participants with a history of knee injuries. Nearly 37.3% of the injuries occurred as a result of torsion/twist, which is a noncontact mechanism, 3.3% due to overuse, 13.3% due to contact/person, and 10.0% due to contact/friction. 70.0% of the injuries occurred during a training session, while 30.0% occurred during competition. Furthermore, 50.0% of athletes sought medical attention from traditional bone setters, 6.7% from physiotherapists, 10.0% from medical doctors, while 30.0% had self‑medication. Conclusion: The prevalence of ACL injury among amateur footballers in Enugu, South‑east Nigeria, falls within that obtained among athletes worldwide, with most of the injuries occurring from noncontact mechanisms during a training session. The prevalence is more in females than males. Keywords: Amateur footballers, anterior cruciate ligament injury, injury prevention, Nigeri

The influence of mathematics teachers’ mastery of the subject on the performance of senior secondary school students

The performance of senior secondary school pupils in Akinyele LGA, Ibadan, Oyo State was examined in this study to determine the impact of mathematics instructors' subject knowledge. The study's research design was an analytical descriptive survey. Three hundred (300) pupils from six secondary schools in the Akinyele LGA of Oyo State were selected at random to make up the sample. From each school, fifty (50) pupils were chosen. The researchers' instrument for gathering data was the Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT). The thirty (30) multiple-choice questions in the MAT are used to assess the hypotheses. Using the one-way Analysis of Variance, two primary hypotheses were developed and assessed for significance at the 5% level (ANOVA). The study's findings showed a strong correlation between teachers' qualifications and pupils' academic achievement in mathematics. The results also indicated a strong correlation between math students' academic achievement and teachers' experience. Therefore, the study recommended that teachers be exposed to local and worldwide seminars and workshops in order to improve and expand their mathematical expertise

Serospositivity of Hepatitis B and C among Blood Donors in Private Laboratories in Lagos Nigeria

Background:. Difficulties in meeting demand of blood transfusion by government hospitals have dictated the need for patronizing laboratories by both government and private hospitals.Objective: The study was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence HBsAg and hepatitis C Virus of blood donors in private laboratories in Lagos Nigeria.Result: A total of 315 participants were used for this work 298 were male (94.6%) Seventeen (17) 5.4%were females.  4.8% tested positive for HBsAg. Male constitute 80% prevalence of the positive group. Analysis of gender related prevalence of HBsAg showed that prevalence was higher in females (17.3%) than males (4%).prevalence of 1.5%.was Hepatitis C (HVC Ab).positive participants are in the age range of 21-30.Conclusion:  The result revealed a decline in prevalence of viral hepatitis among voluntary blood donors in Lagos Nigeria. Key words: hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, blood donor

Nonintuitive Immunogenicity and Plasticity of Alpha-Synuclein Conformers: A Paradigm for Smart Delivery of Neuro-Immunotherapeutics

: Despite the extensive research successes and continuous developments in modern medicine in terms of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, the lack of clinically useful disease-modifying drugs or immunotherapeutic agents that can successfully treat or prevent neurodegenerative diseases is an ongoing challenge. To date, only one of the 244 drugs in clinical trials for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases has been approved in the past decade, indicating a failure rate of 99.6%. In corollary, the approved monoclonal antibody did not demonstrate significant cognitive benefits. Thus, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing rapidly. Therefore, there is an urgent need for creative approaches to identifying and testing biomarkers for better diagnosis, prevention, and disease-modifying strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Overexpression of the endogenous α-synuclein has been identified as the driving force for the formation of the pathogenic α-synuclein (α-Syn) conformers, resulting in neuroinflammation, hypersensitivity, endogenous homeostatic responses, oxidative dysfunction, and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the conformational plasticity of α-Syn proffers that a certain level of α-Syn is essential for the survival of neurons. Thus, it exerts both neuroprotective and neurotoxic (regulatory) functions on neighboring neuronal cells. Furthermore, the aberrant metastable α-Syn conformers may be subtle and difficult to detect but may trigger cellular and molecular events including immune responses. It is well documented in literature that the misfolded α-Syn and its conformers that are released into the extracellular space from damaged or dead neurons trigger the innate and adaptive immune responses in PD. Thus, in this review, we discuss the nonintuitive plasticity and immunogenicity of the α-Syn conformers in the brain immune cells and their physiological and pathological consequences on the neuroimmune responses including neuroinflammation, homeostatic remodeling, and cell-specific interactions that promote neuroprotection in PD. We also critically reviewed the novel strategies for immunotherapeutic delivery interventions in PD pathogenesis including immunotherapeutic targets and potential nanoparticle-based smart drug delivery systems. It is envisioned that a greater understanding of the nonintuitive immunogenicity of aberrant α-Syn conformers in the brain’s microenvironment would provide a platform for identifying valid therapeutic targets and developing smart brain delivery systems for clinically effective disease-modifying immunotherapeutics that can aid in the prevention and treatment of PD in the future

An audit of surgical site infection following open prostatectomy in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital

Background: Surgical site infections (SSI) are a potential cause of morbidity and increased cost of care after operations such as open prostatectomy.Objective: To audit the occurrence of SSI after open prostatectomy at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, NigeriaMethods: A review of all patients who underwent open prostatectomy over a ten-year period (July 2005 to June 2015). Data analysis was done using the statistical package for social sciences version 21. Association between variables was determined using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: A total of 247 open prostatectomy surgeries were reviewed, with the patients’ ages ranging from 43 – 91 years and a mean age of 67.0 ± 8.8 years. Elective procedures were 98.8% while the remaining 1.2% were emergency cases. There were 24 (9.8%) surgical site infections. The duration of admission of the patients with SSI ranged from 6 – 15 days with a mean of 9.5 ± 3.2 days, as against 4 – 9 days (mean of 5.0 ± 2.1days) for those without SSI. All the patients with SSI were successfully managed with no resultant mortality. Risk factors identified for SSI were emergency surgery (p=0.001), obesity (p<0.0001), diabetesmellitus (p=0.008), smoking (p<0.0001), pre-operative catheterization (p<0.0001), excessive haemorrhage (p<0.0001) and post-operative suprapubic bladder drainage (p<0.0001).Conclusion: SSI is a recognized complication of open prostatectomy. Identified risk factors for its occurrence from this audit are emergency operation, obesity, diabetes mellitus, smoking, pre-operative catheterization, excessive haemorrhage and post-operativesuprapubic bladder drainage. Age, approach to prostatectomy (retropubic vs transvesical), incision type (lower midline vs pfannenstiel), level of the surgeon, catheter type and modality of irrigation were however not significant risk factors for post-prostatectomy SSI in this study.Keywords: Surgical site infection, risk factors, open prostatectomy

In vivo and in vitro metabolic fate and urinary detectability of five deschloroketamine derivatives studied by means of hyphenated mass spectrometry

Ketamine derivatives such as deschloroketamine and deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine show dissociative and psychoactive properties and their abuse as new psychoactive substances (NPSs) has been reported. Though some information is available on the biotransformation of dissociative NPSs, data on deschloro-N-cyclopropyl-ketamine deschloro-N-isopropyl-ketamine and deschloro-N-propyl-ketamine concerning their biotransformation and, thus, urinary detectability are not available. The aims of the presented work were to study the in vivo phase I and II metabolism; in vitro phase I metabolism, using pooled human liver microsomes (pHLMs); and detectability, within a standard urine screening approach (SUSA), of five deschloroketamine derivatives. Metabolism studies were conducted by collecting urine samples from male Wistar rats over a period of 24 h after their administration at 2 mg/kg body weight. The samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The compounds were mainly metabolized by N-dealkylation, hydroxylation, multiple oxidations, and combinations of these metabolic reactions, as well as glucuronidation and N-acetylation. In total, 29 phase I and 10 phase II metabolites were detected. For the LC-HRMS/MS SUSA, compound-specific metabolites were identified, and suitable screening targets could be recommended and confirmed in pHLMs for all derivatives except for deschloro-N-cyclopropyl-ketamine. Using the GC-MS-based SUSA approach, only non-specific acetylated N-dealkylation metabolites could be detected