144 research outputs found

    Intestinal wall-adhesive hydrogel to study therapeutic treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

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    Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is defined as pathogenesis in the intestine in a form of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, etc. The number of IBD patients has recently increased rapidly majorly due to western diet and lifestyle. Because current treatment methods of IBD in the field are limited in targeting specific location and accompanying side effects such as vomiting, burping and chest pain occur. Hence, an unmet need remains in suggesting new perspective of drug delivery system to overcome these problems. Here, as an effort to develop an intestinal wall-adhesive, target specific peptide-conjugated hydrogel as a means of drug delivery, we synthesize mPEG-PCL (methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ฮต-caprolactone)). The mPEG-PCL exhibits molecule weight of 3,200-3,500 g/mol, and its sol-gel transition occurs within the molecular weight range. This sol-gel makes the mPEG-PCL appropriate to load and deliver the drug to the inflamed area. Next, its binding affinity is increased to the colon epithelium by conjugating flagellin-derived peptide to the mPEG-PCL, which binds to TLR5 (Toll-like receptor 5) of colon epithelium. When loaded to the peptide-conjugated hydrogel, dug is released in a controllable fashion depending on the concentration of mPEG-PCL. Also, the hydrogel shows the binding specificity to intestinal cells in vitro. The results indicate several advantages of the peptide-conjugated mPEG-PCL as a drug delivery means: First, the sol-gel transition of hydrogel serves as a minimally invasive means of vehicle injection, an on-site depot of drug, and a concentration-dependent platform for controlled drug release. Second, the conjugation of flagellin-derived peptide enables drug targeting to inflamed areas when applied to the intestine, thereby reducing the drug amount compared to systemic delivery means such as oral intake or intraperitoneal injection. Lastly, the nano-scale micelle property facilitates not only drug delivery to inflamed areas but also drug invasion into the intestinal wall underneath epithelium. In conclusion, further optimization and examination of these functional advantages would enable a promising potential to address the unmet need by serving as a tunable platform for user-friendly, disease area -specific drug delivery to the intestine. ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜(IBD)๋Š” ํฌ๋ก ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ถค์–‘์„ฑ๋Œ€์žฅ์—ผ์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์žฅ๋‚ด ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”, ์„œ์–‘์‹ ์‹๋‹จ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด IBD ํ™˜์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์ฆ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ์™„ํ™”์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ IBD ์น˜๋ฃŒ์•ฝ์ธ ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ์ œ์™€ ๋ฉด์—ญ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์„ญ์ทจ๋กœ ์†Œ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์žฅ์— ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์œ„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์€ ์„ค์‚ฌ, ํ˜ˆ๋ณ€, ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ์˜ ํ‘œ์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ ํŠน์ด์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ „๋‹ฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” mPEG-PCL๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ชจ์ฒด๋กœ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ถ€์œ„ ํŠน์ด์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ๊ฒ”์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด์˜ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŽธ๋ชจ ์œ ๋ž˜ ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ๊ฒ”์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽธ๋ชจ๋Š” ์žฅ์™ธ๋ฒฝ์— ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” TLR5์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ์ƒ์˜จ์—์„œ ์กธ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋‹ค ์ฒด์˜จ์—์„œ ์ ค์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กธ ์ ค ์ „์ด๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‹ด์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ผ์ฆ๋ถ€์œ„์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ์†๋„ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ‘œ์  ํŠน์ด์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ‘œ์  ํŠน์ • ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ถ€์œ„์—๋งŒ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์—ผ์ฆ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ์˜ ํŠน์ด์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ „๋‹ฌ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์žฅ ์™ธ๋ฒฝ ์ ‘์ฐฉ, ํ‘œ์  ํŠน์ด์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ „๋‹ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ํ‘œ์  ํŠน์ด์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฐ ์ง€์†๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.open์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์ž„๋„๋นˆ.ํ•˜๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์กฐ์งํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ช… ํ‘œํ˜„์ฐฝ๊ตฌ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์˜์‚ฌํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Š˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ธ๋Œ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์นœํ™”๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€, ์ผ๋ช… ๋ฐ€๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์–ผ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ณ€๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋Œ€๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๊นŠ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์ง๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ถœ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๊ฐ„ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ์—…๋ฌด๋™๊ธฐ ์ƒ์‹ค ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ฌ๊น€์˜ ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง์›๋“ค์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ํ—Œ์‹ ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ธ ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ์กฐ์งํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋‚˜ ์ง๊ตฐ๋ณ„๋กœ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—… ์กฐ์ง๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋‚˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๋“ฑ ์กฐ์งํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์™€ ์ง๊ตฐ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ์„ค๋ฌธ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  A๊ณต๊ธฐ์—… ์ง์›๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์œ„๊ณ„์  ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง์›์˜ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ์— ์ •(+)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ ฅ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์„ฌ๊น€์˜ ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง์›๋“ค์ด ์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœํŒ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ํ™˜์˜๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์†๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” X์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ด์ „ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ€๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์–ผ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋”๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง์›๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์‹ฌํžˆ ์‚ดํ”ผ์–ด ๊ทธ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์„ฌ์„ธํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ์ง๊ตฐ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ง๊ตฐ์€ ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด๋“ฌ์–ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ง๊ตฐ์€ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์กฐ์ง์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ฒญ์ง€๊ธฐ ์ •์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์ง๊ตฐํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง์›์„ ์„ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋‚˜ ์ง๊ตฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์นด๋ฉœ๋ ˆ์˜จ์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์กฐ์ง์†์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ›„ Z์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฐฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง๊ตฐ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.Many conflicts are also increasing along with free expression of opinion as various anonymous expressions created by the development of technology appear in the organizational environment, which is changing day by day. In the process, conflicts between existing generations and digital-friendly generations(so called millennials generations) are deepening, and potential conflicts between job groups have also begun to be expressed. The leadership to effectively manage these conflicts is very important, as there can be many side effects, such as distrust among members of the organization or loss of motivation. To this end, Servant Leadership, a dedicated leadership that respects subordinates and creates an environment where they can achieve their common goals, is drawing attention, but so far, there is still a lack of studies on how it differs from generation to generation and job groups, but only focusing on the studies on the impact of such leadership on organizational effectiveness. In this study, we would like to find out the impact of this Servant Leadership on organizational effectiveness, such as job satisfaction and motivation of members of public corporations, and see if there are differences between generations and job groups in the process. To this end, a questionnaire was constructed using the questionnaire that was verified in the preceding studies, and a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted based on the results of a survey conducted on employees of public corporation. The results are summarized as follows. First, it was confirmed that Servant Leadership has a positive effect on the job satisfaction or motivation, which is consistent with previous studies. Servant leadership, which provides a platform for subordinates to exercise creativity with a supportive attitude, is still a welcome leadership in the organization, which is expected to continue for some time. Second, Servant Leadership is more effective for the X generation, who currently play a role as a middle manager, and it has been confirmed that the Millennial generation may need new leadership. The leader should carefully examine the generation characteristics of his subordinates and show delicate leadership accordingly. Third, there are some differences in Servant leadership by job group. Tech workers were more effective in supporting emotional aspects, and office workers were more effective in leadership with stewardship. This is the result of confirming the need for changing leadership according to job group characteristics of department members. In the end, the leader will only be able to manage the organization more effectively if he or she understands the characteristics of the generation or job group based on the attitude of serving subordinates and has the appropriate chameleon leadership, and only these efforts will be remembered as a successful leader in a modern organization composed of various job groups and generations. Based on the above findings, further research on the new generation(Generation Z) and various types of job group composition will be needed.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ 4 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 4 1. ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 4 2. ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ 5 3. ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ ๋ฐ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ 8 4. ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ์ง๊ตฐ 12 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  17 1. ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 17 2. ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ๊ณผ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 19 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 20 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 22 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ 22 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 22 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 23 3. ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์„ค์ • 23 4. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ 26 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 30 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 30 2. ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 30 3. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 31 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 33 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ 33 1. ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ 33 2. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ 35 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 38 1. ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 38 2. ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 42 3. ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 43 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 44 1. ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ ๋ฐ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 44 2. ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 48 3. ์ง๊ตฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 54 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  63 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 63 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  66 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 69 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 71 ์„ค ๋ฌธ ์ง€ 77 Abstract 81Maste

    ๋Œ€๋ฉด์  ๋‹จ๋ถ„์ž์ธต ์ดํ™ฉํ™” ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ „๊ณ„ํšจ๊ณผ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์—์˜ ์‘์šฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌยท์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ์ดํƒํฌ.Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have gained considerable attention as an emerging semiconductor due to their promising atomically thin film characteristics with good field-effect mobility and a tunable bandgap energy. Among TMDC materials, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has gained significant attention due to its direct bandgap of 1.8 eV as a single layer. Herein, numerous studies have explored the application of MoS2 in nanoelectronic devices. To make full use of its unique optical and electrical merits in practical applications, however, synthesis of large and uniform monolayer MoS2 is highly necessary. In this regard, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique has been intensively used to produce large and uniform monolayer MoS2. Meanwhile, their electronic applications have been generally realized with conventional inorganic electrodes and dielectrics implemented using conventional photolithography or transferring processes that are not compatible with large-area and flexible device applications. To facilitate the advantages of 2D TMDCs in practical applications, novel strategies for realizing flexible and transparent 2D electronics using low-temperature, large-area, and low-cost processes should be developed. Here, in this dissertation, the study on the atomically thin MoS2 synthesis and its application to FETs will be discussed. First, the effect of irradiation on MoS2 FETs with 10 MeV high energy proton beams will be discussed. The electrical characteristics of the devices were measured before and after proton irradiation with different fluence conditions. The electrical changes were explained by the proton-irradiation-induced traps, including positive oxide-charge traps in the SiO2 layer and trap states at the interface between the MoS2 channel and the SiO2 layer. Second, the CVD synthesis of large and monolayer MoS2 film will be discussed. The predominantly monolayer character of the CVD-grown MoS2 film was verified by atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy measurements. Third, the electrical properties of synthesized large-area monolayer MoS2 field-effect transistors with low-cost inkjet-printed Ag electrodes will be discussed. The monolayer MoS2 film was grown by CVD method, and the top-contact Ag source/drain electrodes (S/D) were deposited onto the films using a low-cost drop-on-demand inkjet-printing process without any masks and surface treatments. The electrical characteristics of FETs were comparable to those fabricated by conventional deposition methods such as photo or electron beam lithography. Last, the fully printed transparent CVD-synthesized monolayer MoS2 phototransistor arrays on flexible polymer substrates will be discussed. All the electronic components, including dielectric and electrodes, were directly deposited with mechanically tolerable organic materials by inkjet-printing technology onto transferred monolayer MoS2. By integrating the soft organic components with ultra-thin MoS2, the fully printed MoS2 phototransistors exhibits excellent transparency and mechanically stable operation.1. Introduction 1 1.1. Graphene and 2D materials 1 1.2. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) 1 References 2 2. Proton beam irradiation effect on atomically thin MoS2 field-effect transistors 3 2.1. Introduction 3 2.2. Experiments 4 2.2.1. Device fabrication process 4 2.2.2. Proton beam irradiation experiment 6 2.2.3. Electrical characteristics measurements 6 2.3. Results and discussions 6 2.3.1. Electrical characteristics 6 2.3.2. Dose-dependence and Raman spectra 9 2.3.3. Time-dependence 11 2.3.4. Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter 12 2.3.5. Energy band diagram 14 2.4. Conclusion 15 References 16 3. Chemical vapor deposition of monolayer MoS2 film 20 3.1. Introduction 20 3.1.1. Limit of mechanical exfoliation 20 3.1.2. Many synthesis methods 20 3.2. CVD system setup . 21 3.3. Material characterization 22 3.3.1. Atomic force microscopy 22 3.3.2. Raman and photoluminescence 23 3.3.3. Electrical characteristics of triangular islands 24 3.4. Conclusion 25 References 26 4. Inkjet-printed contact electrodes on CVD-synthesized MoS2 film 29 4.1. Introduction 29 4.2. Experiments 31 4.2.1. Inkjet-printing process 32 4.3. Results and discussions 32 4.3.1. Electrical characteristics 32 4.3.2. Y-function method and contact resistances 33 4.3.3. Electrical instability and gate-bias stress effect 35 4.4. Conclusion 37 References 38 5. Fully flexible and transparent MoS2 phototransistor with inkjet-printed components 43 5.1. Introduction 43 5.2. Experiments 44 5.2.1. Device fabrication process 44 5.2.2. Light illumination setup 45 5.2.3. Optical transmittance of the device 47 5.3. Results and discussions 48 5.3.1. Fully-printed MoS2 phototransistors 48 5.3.2. Characteristics of CVD-grown monolayer MoS2 film 49 5.3.3. Electrical characteristics under bent conditions 52 5.3.4. Photo-characteristics 53 5.4. Conclusion 56 References 57 6. Summary 60 Abstract (In Korean) 61 Curriculum Vitae 63Docto

    ์ƒ์˜จ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํฌํ† ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋œ ๋น„์Šค๋ฌด์Šค ์ฒ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ž์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌยท์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™๋ถ€(๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2013. 2. Nguyen Hoa Hong.BiFeO3 is a promising multiferroic material due to its high ferroelectric (1103 K) and antiferromagnetic (643 K) ordering temperatures. Previous reports have suggested that by reducing the dimensionality, the spiral magnetic ordering could be suppressedtherefore, the magnetic properties could be modified. In BiFeO3, if Bi is partially substituted by a small amount of divalent or trivalent metal ions, or Fe is substituted by transition metal ion, a significant enhancement in magnetization can be achieved. Thin films of Rare Earth (Re) - doped BiFeO3 (where RE = Sm, Ho, Pr and Nd) were grown on LaAlO3 substrates by using pulsed laser deposition technique. All the films show a single phase of rhombohderal structure with space group R3c. The saturated magnetization in the Ho- and Sm- doped films is much larger than those reported in literature, and was observed at a quite low field as of 0.2 T. In the case of Ho and Sm doping, the magnetization increases when the film becomes thinner, suggesting that the observed magnetism is mostly due to surface effect. In the case of Nd doping, even though the thin film has large magnetic moment, the mechanism seems to be different.Contents ABSTRACTโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ…  List of Figuresโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆV List of Tablesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆVII Chapter 1: Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ1 1.1. Multiferroic materialsBismuth Ferrite Oxides (BFO).โ€ฆโ€ฆ1 1.2. Ferromagnetic enhancement in BiFeO3 thin films: Dimension and Doping โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ3 Chapter 2: Experimental Methodsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ4 2.1. Sample Preparationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ4 2.1.1. Sol-gel auto ignition Methodโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..5 2.1.2. Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD)โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ5 2.2. Measurementsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ7 2.2.1. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ7 2.2.2. Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ8 2.2.3. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) .........โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ9 Chapter 3: Results and Discussionsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ10 3.1. Structural Propertiesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ10 3.2. Magnetic Propertiesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ13 3.2.1. Sm- and Ho- doped BFO thin filmsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ13 3.2.2. RE- doped BFO thin films โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ17 3.3. BFO Films Chemical Statesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ20 Chapter 4: Conclusionsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ22 Appendixโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ23 Referencesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ25 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก (Abstract in Korean)โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ26 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ (Acknowledgements)โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ27Maste

    The correlation between mandibular repositioning and relapse of incisor inclination after Class II surgical-orthodontic treatment

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    ์น˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™/์„์‚ฌThe objective of this study was to find the correlation between mandibular repositioning (mandibular counterclockwise rotation and mandibular advancement) and incisor inclination relapse observed after Class II surgical-orthodontic treatment during their six to twelve month follow-up. In addition, post-surgical skeletal relapse of the mandible was evaluated for its correlation with the following incisor inclination relapse after deband. Twelve patients who underwent surgical-orthodontic treatment and bimaxillary orthognathic surgery, with either B-SSRO or B-VNSO, after being diagnosed as Class II malocclusion with mandibular retrognathism were evaluated. Lateral cephalograms were measured at five time points; initial (T0), pre-surgery (T1), post-surgery (T2), deband (T3), and six to twelve month follow-up (T4). Significant changes between each time points were evaluated using paired t-test. From this evaluation, it was noticeable that the skeletal and dental changes occurred mainly between time points T2 and T3, the post-surgical orthodontic treatment stage. The correlation evaluation between the skeletal changes made during surgery and dental relapse showed no correlation. However, post-surgical skeletal relapse of mandibular advancement and dental relapse displayed significant correlation with each other. Based on such result, careful observation of the skeletal relapse of mandibular advancement during the post-surgical orthodontic treatment stage could provide some guideline on how much incisor inclination relapse to expect after deband.ope

    ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€/ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์—์–ด๋กœ๊ฒ”์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ๊น€์šฉํ˜‘.์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ, ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ™” ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ ์ •ํ™”์—์„œ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํƒœ์–‘์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ด๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒ… ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค์€ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„์™€ ํฐ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€๊ณผ ์นด๋ฅด๋ณต์‹œ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์˜ค์Šค(CMC) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ 3์ฐจ์› ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์—์–ด๋กœ๊ฒ”์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—์–ด๋กœ๊ฒ”์€ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ ์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ธ ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์†ก์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋น› ๊ฐ•๋„ 1 sun ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€/ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์—์–ด๋กœ๊ฒ”์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์†๋„ ๊ฐ’์€ 2.16 kg mโˆ’2 hโˆ’1์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ’์€ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์†๋„์˜ 5.5๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์†๋„์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์›”๋“ฑํžˆ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์—ผ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ, ์†์‰ฌ์šด ์ œ์ž‘, ๋ฌด๋…์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋น„์šฉ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด‘์—ด๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.One of the most promising energy harvesting technologies is the conversion of solar energy into heat for steam generation because of its potential applications in energy production, desalination and purification. However, existing methods have a problem in that it is inefficient because of the large energy consumption and high cost in the desalination process. Here, we demonstrate a 3D nanostructured aerogel based on Graphene and CarboxyMethyl Cellulose (CMC) that serves as an independent solar vapour generator. This aerogel is porous and made of hydrophilic polymer, so water transport speed is fast, A Graphene/polymer aerogel evaporated water with a high rate of 2.16 kg mโˆ’2 hโˆ’1 from 1 sun irradiation. This value is 5.5 times the steam generation rate of pure water, which is much higher than that of graphene in oher studies. In particular, the solar water desalination with the seawater resulted in a clean water suitable for drinking water standard. The device is one of the representative photothermal conversion system with renewable, facile, non-toxicity and low cost for solar steam generation๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ…ฐ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ…ฒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ…ด ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ…ถ 1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 5 2. ์‹คํ—˜ 7 2.1 ์žฌ๋ฃŒ 7 2.2 ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€/ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์—์–ด๋กœ๊ฒ” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 9 2.3 ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ธํŒ… 15 3. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 21 3.1 ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 21 3.2 ์˜จ๋„ ์ธก์ • 23 3.3 ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์†๋„ 26 3.4 ์—ผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ 31 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  34 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 35 Abstract 37Maste

    ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ ์šฉ์•ก์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์ธ ๋น„์Šค-์„คํผํ”„๋กœํ•„ ๋‹ค์ด์„คํŒŒ์ด๋“œ ๋ฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ ๊ธ€๋ผ์ด์ฝœ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021.8. ๊น€์žฌ์ •.๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ์€ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ, 4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ์‹œ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด, 2์ฐจ ์ „์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด‰๋งค์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ „์ฐฉ๋œ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ์œ ๊ธฐ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ์—์„œ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ ๊ธฐ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ ๊ณต์ • ์†์—์„œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด, ์ž‘๋™์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ „๊ทน์—์„œ ๋น„์Šค-์„คํผํ”„๋กœํ•„ ๋‹ค์ด์„คํŒŒ์ด๋“œ(SPS) ๋ฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ ๊ธ€๋ผ์ด์ฝœ(PEG)์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ, ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ ๊ณต์ • ์†์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์†์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” SPS์˜ ์Œ๊ทน ๋ฐ ์–‘๊ทน์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํƒˆ์ฐฉ(CVS)๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์†Œ-ํ•ต ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ณต๋ช…(NMR) ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด; ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ํšŒ๋กœ, ๋ฌด์ „์› ํ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ํšŒ๋กœ ํ™˜์›์•ก์—์„œ SPS๋Š” ์šฉํ•ด๋œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด์˜จ(Cu+)์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ผ๋””์นผ(ยทOH)์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Œ๊ทน์—์„œ ์ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ-๋จธ์บ…ํ†  ํ”„๋กœํŽ˜์ธ ์„คํŒŒ์ด๋“œ(Cu(I)MPS-)๋กœ ์‚ฐํ™”๋œ ํ›„, ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœํŽ˜์ธ ๋‹ค์ด์„คํŒŒ์ด๋“œ(PDS)๋กœ ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์šฉ์„ฑ ์‚ฐํ™”์ „๊ทน์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์›์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์šฉ์„ฑ ์‚ฐํ™”์ „๊ทน๊ณผ ํ™˜์›์ „๊ทน์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋ฐ”๋‹‰ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘(galvanic disproportionation reaction)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฐํ™”์ „๊ทน์—์„œ ์ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด์˜จ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™˜์›์•ก ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” SPS๊ฐ€ ์ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด์˜จ๊ณผ ์šฉ์กด ์‚ฐ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ผ๋””์นผ์— ์†Œ๋น„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ˜ผ์ž…๋ฐ˜์‘(incorporation)์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์‚ฐํ™”์•ก์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ธ PEG์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‚ฐํ™”, ํ™˜์›์•ก์—์„œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํƒˆ์ฐฉ(CVS)๊ณผ ๋ง๋””ํ† ํ”„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„๊ด‘(MALDI-TOF) ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ํšŒ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ PEG ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ผ๊ฐ€ ์ด์˜จ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ™˜์›์ „๊ทน์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์›์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ๋Š” PEG๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ๋ฐ”๋‹‰ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‘ ์ „๊ทน์—์„œ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฐํ™”์ „๊ทน์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹ซํžŒ ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ผ๊ฐ€ ์ด์˜จ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ PEG๋Š” ๋‘ ์ „๊ทน ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 48์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋œ ์šฉ์•ก์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ™˜์›์ „๊ทน์—์„œ๋Š” PEG์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ผ๊ฐ€ ์ด์˜จ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์‚ฐํ™”์ „๊ทน์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ผ๋””์นผ์ด ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ PEG์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์†๋„๋Š” ํ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์šฉ์•ก ๋‚ด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ผ๋””์นผ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๋” ์ ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ ์šฉ์•ก ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์šฉ์กด ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ผ๊ฐ€ ์ด์˜จ์˜ ์ด‰๋งค ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ PEG์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ „๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ผ๋””์นผ์— ์œ ๋„๋œ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ผ๊ฐ€ ์ด์˜จ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ด‰๋งค ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. SPS์™€ PEG์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๊ทœ๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์š”์ธ์ด ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ผ๋””์นผ, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ผ๊ฐ€ ์ด์˜จ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฉ์กด ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ™˜์›์ œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ SPS๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ์กฐ์— ํ™˜์›์ œ(ํ•˜์ดํฌ ํฌ์ŠคํŒŒ์ดํŠธ, ํฌ๋ฆ„ ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ, ๊ธ€๋ผ์ด์˜ฅ์‹ค์‚ฐ, ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ง„ ๋ฐ ์˜ฅ์‚ด์‚ฐ)๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„ ์šฉ์•ก ์† SPS์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ˜์‘, ๋„๊ธˆ ์กฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ง„๊ณผ ์˜ฅ์‚ด์‚ฐ์€ ์šฉ์•ก ๋‚ด ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•˜์ดํฌ ํฌ์ŠคํŒŒ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์† ์ธ์‚ฐ์—ผ์˜ ํ™˜์›๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ™˜์›๋ฐ˜์‘ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์ธ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด CVS ๋ถ„์„์— ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํฌ๋ฆ„ ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ์™€ ๊ธ€๋ผ์ด์˜ฅ์‹ค์‚ฐ๋งŒ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์—์„œ ํ™˜์›์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฆ„ ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋Š” SPS ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฆ„ ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋„๊ธˆ ์กฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ๋น„์•„ ์ฑ„์›€(via-filling)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๋ฆ„ ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— SPS๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ผ๊ฐ€ ์ด์˜จ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ธ‰์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜์–ด 3์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์—ดํ™” ๋œ ํ›„ ์ฑ„์›€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋‚˜๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํฌ๋ฆ„ ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ฑ„์›€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 9์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ํšŒ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ SPS์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆ„ ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์•ก ๋‚ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ผ๋””์นผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฌ๋ฆ„ ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Copper electrodeposition is one of the root-technology for 4th industrial revolution era in various industries: semiconductor, lithium ion 2nd battery, and catalyst, because of its high productivity and economic efficiency. In order to control the deposited Cu properties, organic additives are used a key role in the Cu electroplating. However, the organic additive is degradable under the Cu electrodeposition process, which gradually decompose through the degradation pathways. In this study, it was attempted to identify the bis-(3-sulfopropyl) disulfide (SPS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) decomposition mechanism in each electrode, and the factor of additive decomposition was searched. Through this, for the purpose of controlling the additive decomposition, the method of suppressing for decomposition factor was proposed. The mechanisms of cathodic and anodic SPS decomposition, which is plays as an accelerator in the Cu electrodeposition process, were examined via both electrochemical and spectroscopy analysis under three conditions; open- circuit, short-circuit, and electrolysis conditions. With an open circuit at catholyte, the SPS was finally oxidized to oxidation to 1,3-propane disulfonate (PDS) at the Cu plate via the chemical reaction by active radical (ยทOH) formed by Cu+ with dissolved O2. No chemical reactions took place at the insoluble anode. With a short-circuit, SPS at the Cu plate (cathode) and the Ir/IrOX plate (on Ti/TiOX, insoluble anode) were simultaneously broken down at an equal rate because of the formation of Cu+ at the Ir/IrOX bath by a galvanic disproportionation reaction. With current flowing in electrolysis condition, SPS in the catholyte was consumed via the reaction with active radical by Cu+ and dissolved O2 as well as by incorporation, while that in the anolyte was decomposed faster via anodic electrochemical oxidation compared to chemical reactions. Under the open-circuit conditions, PEG decomposition occurred only at the Cu plate, owing to the effect of the Cu+ ions. Under the short-circuit conditions, PEG degraded at both electrodes through the galvanic disproportionation reaction, owing to which Cu+ was also formed at the Ir/IrOX plate. Under the electrolysis conditions, PEG also was degraded at both electrodes, but a difference in the average molecular weight of PEG (MWPEG) between the two electrodes was observed after 48 h. The PEG breakdown at the Cu plate appeared to be related to the Cu+ ions, while that at the Ir/IrOX plate was caused by the ยทOH radicals formed by water splitting. In addition, direct Cu+ ion catalytic reaction was generated without dissolved O2 in Cu electrodeposition bath. Therefore, it is concluded that PEG degradation did not proceed through a direct electrochemical reaction, but rather through an active radical-induced chemical and Cu+ directly catalytic reaction. The decomposition factors; active radical (ยทOH), Cu+ ion, and dissolved O2 were identified through the investigation of the decomposition mechanism of SPS and PEG. Therefore, the effect of reducing agents to decrease the decomposition factors was investigated through SPS decomposition. In first, after reducing agents (hypophosphite, formaldehyde, glyoxylic acid, hydrazine, and oxalic acid) added into the Cu plating bath, their effects examined on the voltammetric response, bath performance, and stability of SPS. It was determined that only formaldehyde and glyoxylic acid could be used as reducing agents in Cu electrolytes. Formaldehyde reduced the rate of SPS decomposition more effectively. The bath performance with and without formaldehyde was evaluated by performing a via-fill test. Consequently, when formaldehyde was present, the filling performance was maintained for up to 9 h and SPS decomposition in the open-circuit condition rarely occurred. These results indicate that formaldehyde reduces the number of active radicals, thereby reducing the chemical oxidation of SPS.Chapter I. Introduction 1 1.1. Recent trends of Cu electrodeposition industry 1 1.2. Cu electrodeposition and organic additive 6 1.2.1. Cu electrodeposition 6 1.2.2. Properties of Cu bath and organic additive 8 1.3. Mechanism of additive behavior 13 1.4. Decomposition of organic additive 20 1.4.1. SPS decomposition 20 1.4.2. PEG decomposition 23 1.5. Measurement of organic additive 28 1.5.1. Cyclic voltammetry stripping (CVS) analysis 28 1.5.2. Spectroscopy (NMR, MALDI-TOF) analysis 30 1.6. Purpose of this study 36 Chapter 2. Experimental 38 2.1. Degradation experiment 38 2.1.1. Degradation of SPS 39 2.1.2. Degradation of PEG 40 2.1.3. Filling performance 41 2.2 Electrochemical analysis 43 2.2.1. LSV analysis 43 2.2.2. CVS analysis 44 2.2.2.1. Measurement of SPS concentration (CSPS) 44 2.2.2.2. Measurement of PEG average molecular weight (MWPEG) 46 2.3. Spectroscopy analysis 52 2.4. Filling performance 55 Chapter III. Results and Discussion 58 3.1. Mechanism of SPS decomposition 58 3.1.1. Measurement of CSPS by CVS 58 3.1.2. Analyzing the SPS decomposition by spectroscopy analysis 62 3.1.3. Verification of SPS decomposition factor 63 3.2. Mechanism of PEG decomposition 78 3.2.1. Measurement of MWPEG by CVS 78 3.2.2. Analyzing the PEG decomposition by spectroscopy analysis 80 3.2.3. Verification of PEG decomposition factor 83 3.3. Decrease of additive decomposition 100 3.3.1. The factor of additive decomposition 100 3.3.2. Selection of reducing agent in Cu electrodeposition bath 102 3.3.3. Effect of reducing agent (Formaldehyde) 107 Chapter IV. Conclusion 120 References 124 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 135 Appendix 139๋ฐ•

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ๋ฐ•์ธ๊ถŒ.ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๊ณต๊ณต ์š”์–‘์›์„ ๋„์‹ฌ์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋…ธ์ธ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑยทํ˜์˜ค์„ฑ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „๋ฌดํ•œ ๋ณต์ง€์‹œ์„ค์ธ๋ฐ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜ธ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋ผ ๊ฑฐ์„ผ ์ž…์ง€๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋น„์„ ํ˜ธ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹ฌํ™” ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ ์†กํŒŒ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋™๋Œ€๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฝ์‹ค๋ฒ„์ผ€์–ด์„ผํ„ฐ ์ž…์ง€๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋…ธ์ธ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋น„์„ ํ˜ธ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ €์—๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ธ์‹์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ฃผ์˜(Ageism)๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋“  ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ์ด ์ปธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋…ธ์ธ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค์— ์ž…์†Œํ•œ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ ์ธ๊ทผ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ง€์—ญ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฒด๋˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์šฐ๋ คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์€ ์œ ์น˜์› ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์œ ์•„ ๋ณด์œก์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋…ธ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณต์ง€์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋“ค์–ด์„ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค๋งˆ์ €๋„ ๋…ธ์ธ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ„์ถ•๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ, ์‚ฌ์—… ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ ์ •์น˜์ธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ–‰ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ–ฅ๋ฐฉ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์†กํŒŒ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฒ„์ผ€์–ด์„ผํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์—…์ง€ ์ธ๊ทผ์— ๋‹จ์ผ ๋Œ€๋‹จ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ง‰๊ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ์ง€์—ญ ์ •์น˜์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ง„์ฒ™๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ 2020๋…„ 21๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฆฝ์†กํŒŒ์‹ค๋ฒ„์ผ€์–ด์„ผํ„ฐ ์ž…์ง€๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐํ™”๋๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋™๋Œ€๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์ง€ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ์—…์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๋งŒ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ •์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ •์น˜์ธ์€ ์ด ์ ์„ ๊ฐ„ํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํž˜์ผ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ๋„ ์‹ค๋ฒ„์ผ€์–ด์„ผํ„ฐ ์„ค์น˜์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ •๋น„ํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ์ผ๋‹จ๋ฝ๋๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ธ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ž…์ง€๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ธ ๋ฐ ๋…ธ์ธ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ธ์‹์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ธ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค์ด ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋งค๋ฆฝ์žฅยท๊ณต๋™๋ฌ˜์ง€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฌํƒ€ ๋น„์„ ํ˜ธ์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑยทํ˜์˜ค์„ฑ์ด ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ์‹ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์ง€๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ๊ฐœ์„ ์€ ๋…ธ์ธ๋นˆ๊ณค์œจ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(OECD) 1์œ„์— ์ž๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ณ ๋ น ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง„์ž…์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณผ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค.As Korea's aging population progresses rapidly, the social role of caring for the elderly is growing. Accordingly, more and more attempts are being made to establish elderly care facilities operated by Long-term Care Insurance, so-called public nursing homes, in the city center. However, although elderly care facilities are welfare facilities with almost no risk and disgust, they are recognized as non-preferred facilities in the local community and give rise to strong location conflicts. Therefore, this study is aimed to identify the background and factors behind the recent recognition of elderly care facilities as non-preferred facilities and to analyze the intensifying factors of the conflict over the location of this facility. This study focused on the case of the location conflict of the municipal silver care center in Dongdaemun-gu and Songpa-gu in Seoul. As a result, Ageism was found to be the biggest cause of people's perception of elderly care facilities as non-preferred facilities. In particular, there was great hostility toward the sick elderly who were about to die. Residents were concerned that if the elder residents of the silver care center wander around near their residence, the local atmosphere would stagnate and the value of the real estate would decrease. Some young residents who feel the lack of infant care facilities expressed intense hostility to the establishment of welfare facilities for the elderly. Even the elderly showed ageism themselves. After the conflict occurred, the characteristics and behaviors of conflicting partiesโ€”local residents, the Seoul government, and local politiciansโ€”influenced a lot on the direction of the conflict. Since the Heliocity apartment complex is the only big residential area near the Songpa Silver Care Center, the residents could have a strong political influence. This put considerable pressure on local governments and local politicians and had the effect of preventing the project from progressing easily. In particular, general elections in 2020 were held in the conflict process, and politicians seemed to use the conflict to win votes from local residents. As a result, the location conflict of the Songpa Silver Care Center has been prolonged. In Dongdaemun-gu, on the other hand, only a few residents closest to the project site expressed strong opposition because all apartment complexes near the project site were small. The local politician, who was well aware of the local situation, knew this point and tried to persuade the local people. The conflict ended relatively easily since the Seoul Metropolitan Government also accepted residents' demand to overhaul the surrounding environment instead of agreeing to the establishment of a silver care center. To prevent location conflicts surrounding elderly care facilities, it is important to fundamentally resolve negative perceptions of the elderly and elderly care facilities. Considering that elderly care facilities are not dangerous or repugnant, it is expected that when we improve negative perceptions toward elder people, especially those sick, it contributes to preventing most elderly care facilities' location conflicts. Improving awareness of the elderly is also a significant task that Korean society must achieve ahead of a super-aged society.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 7 1. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 7 1) ๋…ธ์ธ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ฃผ์˜(Ageism) 7 (1) ๋…ธ์ธ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ฃผ์˜(Ageism)์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ์‹คํƒœ 7 (2) ๋…ธ์ธ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ฃผ์˜(Ageism)๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 10 (3) ๋…ธ์ธ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ฃผ์˜(Ageism)๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก  12 (4) ๋…ธ์ธ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ฃผ์˜(Ageism)์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 17 2) ๋น„์„ ํ˜ธ์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์ง€๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ 21 (1) ๋น„์„ ํ˜ธ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์œ ํ˜• 21 (2) ๋น„์„ ํ˜ธ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 23 (3) ๋น„์„ ํ˜ธ์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์ง€๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์š”์ธ 24 (4) ๋น„์„ ํ˜ธ์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์ง€๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 26 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  27 1) ๋…ธ์ธ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์ง€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 28 2) ๋น„์„ ํ˜ธ์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์ง€๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 29 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 31 1) ๋น„์„ ํ˜ธ์‹œ์„คํ™” ์š”์ธ 33 2) ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œ ๋ฐœ์š”์ธ 33 3) ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์กฐ์ ˆ์š”์ธ 34 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์†กํŒŒ ๋ฐ ๋™๋Œ€๋ฌธ ์‹ค๋ฒ„์ผ€์–ด์„ผํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„ 35 1. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 35 1) ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 35 2) ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 37 2. ๋น„์„ ํ˜ธ์‹œ์„คํ™” ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 38 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™” 38 (1) ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” 38 (2) ๋…ธ์ธ์š”์–‘ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณ€ํ™” 39 2) ๋…ธ์ธ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ฃผ์˜ 42 3. ์‹œ๋ฆฝ์†กํŒŒ์‹ค๋ฒ„์ผ€์–ด์„ผํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„ 43 1) ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ „๊ฐœ ๊ณผ์ • 43 2) ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œ ๋ฐœ ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 51 (1) ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌโ€ง๋ฌธํ™”์  ์š”์ธ 51 (2) ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ 56 (3) ์ž…์ง€ ์š”์ธ 58 3) ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์กฐ์ ˆ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 59 (1) ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ํ™œ๋™ 59 (2) ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ๋™ 61 (3) ์ง€์—ญ ์ •์น˜์ธ์˜ ํ™œ๋™ 64 4. ์‹œ๋ฆฝ๋™๋Œ€๋ฌธ์‹ค๋ฒ„์ผ€์–ด์„ผํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„ 66 1) ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ „๊ฐœ ๊ณผ์ • 66 2) ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œ ๋ฐœ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 70 (1) ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌโ€ง๋ฌธํ™”์  ์š”์ธ 70 (2) ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ 75 (3) ์ž…์ง€ ์š”์ธ 76 3) ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์กฐ์ ˆ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 78 (1) ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ํ™œ๋™ 78 (2) ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ๋™ 80 (3) ์ง€์—ญ ์ •์น˜์ธ์˜ ํ™œ๋™ 81 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‹ค๋ฒ„์ผ€์–ด์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 84 1. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œ ๋ฐœ์š”์ธ 84 1) ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌโ€ง๋ฌธํ™”์  ์š”์ธ โ€“ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ๋…ธ์ธ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ฃผ์˜ 84 2) ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ โ€“ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ 85 3) ์ž…์ง€ ์š”์ธ โ€“ ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก ํฐ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ 86 2. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์กฐ์ ˆ์š”์ธ 87 1) ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ํ™œ๋™ โ€“ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ 87 2) ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ํ™œ๋™ โ€“ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ 88 3) ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ๋™ โ€“ ๋น„๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์‹ฌํ™” 89 4) ์ง€์—ญ ์ •์น˜์ธ์˜ ํ™œ๋™ โ€“ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ•  90 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  93 1. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  93 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 95 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 98 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 99 Abstract 112์„

    3%๊ทœ์†Œ๊ฐ•ํŒ ๋‚ด ๊ณ ์Šค ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์ž…์ž ์„ฑ์žฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2020. 8. ํ™ฉ๋†๋ฌธ.Abnormal grain growth (AGG) or secondary recrystallization, in which certain grains grow significantly larger than other matrix grains, is well known in metallic systems. This phenomenon has been extensively studied in Fe-3%Si steel, where grains of {110} Goss orientation undergo AGG selectively, resulting in a strong Goss texture. The mechanism of the selective AGG of Goss grains has not been clearly understood yet since Goss reported this phenomenon in 1935. The sub-boundary enhanced solid-state wetting (SSW) mechanism, where sub-boundaries increase the probability to grow by wetting and thereby induce AGG in metals. In this paper, based on this mechanism, AGG of Goss grains in Fe-3%Si steel was studied. At the first, the effect of indentation using hardness testers on abnormal grain growth (AGG) of non-Goss grains were studied in Fe-3%Si steel. The primary recrystallized specimen was locally deformed by indentation under various loads and then heated to 860โ„ƒ and held for 10 min for recrystallization or recovery. Analyses by synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction (XMD) show that all abnormally-growing grains had sub-boundaries with the misorientation angles below 0.6หš whereas no matrix grain had sub-boundaries. According to this SSW mechanism, the probability of wetting increases with decreasing angle of sub-boundaries, small sub-boundary angles are expected to produce larger abnormal grains than large sub-boundary angles. The effect of sub-boundary angle magnitude on the AGG behavior was studied. All abnormally growing Goss grains had sub-boundaries with misorientations less than 1หš and all matrix grains examined had no sub-boundaries. Also, small Goss grains tended to have large sub-boundary angles and vice versa. The results imply that the sub-boundary angle should be a determining parameter of the size of abnormally-growing grains. Meanwhile, previous difficult experiments, which time sequential observation of abnormally-growing Goss grains in Fe-3%Si steel, was studied by electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD). some matrix grains were isolated at the growth front, which produced island grains. The irregular growth often resulted in incomplete isolation, which produced peninsular grains. Numerous matrix grains were isolated by the impingement of abnormally growing Goss grains. Once matrix grains became isolated, island or peninsular grains, they shrank much faster than before. On the other hands, penetrating morphologies at the growth front of abnormally-growing Goss grains in Fe-3%Si steel was examined. 102 penetrated grain boundaries and 204 penetrating abnormally-growing Goss grain boundaries were examined. Among the 102 examined penetrated grain boundaries, none of them has low misorientation angles less than 15o, whereas 17.2% of the 204 penetrating grain boundaries have low misorientation angles, and they also have 23.5% of coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries. Besides, boundary energies of penetrating Goss grains, which were estimated from misorientation measurements of the three grains in the penetrating morphology, satisfied the energetic condition for SSW along the triple junction line. These results imply that the abnormal grain growth of Goss grains in Fe-3%Si steel occurs by the mechanism of sub-boundary enhanced SSW.ํŠน์ • ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์ž…์ž ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์ฐจ ์žฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๊ธˆ์†๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํŠนํžˆ {110} ๊ณ ์Šค ๋ฐฉ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์ž…์ž ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒช์–ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ณ ์Šค ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” 3% ๊ทœ์†Œ ๊ฐ•ํŒ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์Šค ์ž…์ž์˜ ์„ ํƒ์  ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์ž…์ž ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 1935๋…„ Goss์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์•„์ง ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ –์Œ์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ๊ธˆ์†์—์„œ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์ž…์ž ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ƒ ์ –์Œ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ 3% ๊ทœ์†Œ๊ฐ•ํŒ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณ ์Šค ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์ž…์ž ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , 3% ๊ทœ์†Œ๊ฐ•ํŒ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ๋„ ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์••์ž…์ด ๊ณ ์Šค ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์ž…์ž ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ์ฐจ ์žฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋กœ ์••์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  860๋„์—์„œ 10๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ์žฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐ ํšŒ๋ณต ์—ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ฑํฌ๋กœํŠธ๋ก  X-์„  ๋ฏธ์„ธํšŒ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด 0.6๋„ ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์•„๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž…์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ƒ ์ –์Œ ์ด๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ –์Œ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ์•„๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ž‘์€ ์•„๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ๋” ํฐ ๋น„์„ฑ์žฅ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์•„๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์ž…์ž ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ ์Šค ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด 1๋„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์ด๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณ ์Šค ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ํฐ ์•„๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋„ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ธฐ์กด์—” ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ›„๋ฐฉ ์ „์ž ์‚ฐ๋ž€ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ 3% ๊ทœ์†Œ๊ฐ•ํŒ ๋‚ด ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ณ ์Šค ์ž…์ž๋“ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ „์„ ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์„ฌ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ข…์ข… ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๋น„์ •์ƒ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์Šค ์ž…์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋‹จ ์„ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜๋ฉด ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ 3% ๊ทœ์†Œ๊ฐ•ํŒ ๋‚ด ๋น„์ •์ƒ ๊ณ ์Šค ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ „์„ ์—์„œ์˜ ์นจํˆฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 102๊ฐœ์˜ ์นจํˆฌ ๋‹นํ•œ ์ž…๊ณ„์™€ 204๊ฐœ์˜ ์นจํˆฌํ•œ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ณ ์Šค ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 102๊ฐœ์˜ ์นจํˆฌ ๋‹นํ•œ ์ž…๊ณ„๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” 15๋„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— 204๊ฐœ์˜ ์นจํˆฌํ•œ ์ž…๊ณ„๋“ค ์ค‘ 17.2%๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ์น˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค๋„ 23.5%๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์นจํˆฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ์„ธ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ๊ณ ์Šค ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ž…๊ณ„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์‚ผ์ค‘ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ ์ƒ ์ –์Œ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ 3% ๊ทœ์†Œ๊ฐ•ํŒ ๋‚ด ๊ณ ์Šค ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์ž…์ž ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์•„๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ƒ ์ –์Œ ์ด๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introcuction 1 1.1 Abnormal grain growth in metallic system 1 1.2 Sub-boundary enhanced solid-state wetting 4 Chapter 2. Abnormal grain growth of non-Goss grain in Fe-3%Si steel using indentation 9 2.1 Introduce 9 2.2 Experimet prosedure 11 2.3 Results 15 2.4 Discission 30 2.5 Conclusion 38 Chapter 3. Effect of sub-boundary angle magnitude on abnormal grain growth behavior 39 3.1 Introduce 39 3.2 Experimet prosedure 41 3.3 Results and discission 46 3.4 Conclusion 62 Chapter 4. Ex-situ time sequential observation of Goss grains in Fe-3%Si steel 63 4.1 Introduce 63 4.2 Experimet prosedure 65 4.3 Results and discission 68 4.4 Conclusion 77 Chapter 5. Misorientation characteristics at the growth front of abnormally-growing Goss grains in Fe-3%Si steel 78 5.1 Introduce 78 5.2 Experimet prosedure 82 5.3 Results and discission 84 5.4 Conclusion 93 Chapter 6. Conclusion 94 Reference 96 Abstract (Korean) 103Docto

    ์ถ•์ „์‹ ํƒˆ์—ผ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ™” ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์†๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”์ธ์ž ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 2. ์œค์ œ์šฉ.Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging desalination process to produce fresh water from saline water. Compared to conventional desalination processes such as thermal distillation and reverse osmosis (RO), CDI is more simple, energy-efficient, and environment-friendly. These advantages could make CDI as an alternative and/or supplementation to the conventional desalination processes. To make use of the advantages of CDI, a variety of studies have been carried out focusing on improving deionization performance. Among those, carbon electrodes play an important role to determine the performancethus, many efforts have been made to analyze properties of carbon electrodes, develop a novel carbon material, and modify carbon electrodes. Although there have been considerable advances, systematic studies providing influential factors on deionization performance are insufficient. In this study, deionization performance was investigated especially focusing on capacity and rate to substantially extend previous understandings on CDI. Firstly, to understand deionization capacity, activated carbon materials of various surface areas were fabricated to composite electrodes and their electrochemical and deionization performances were examined. The results showed that a higher capacitance led to a higher capacity, where ~70% of charge capacity converted from capacitance was utilized for deionization. In the further study, a model equation to correlate deionization capacity with salt concentration and applied voltage was used to predict the deionization performance. The equation successfully modeled the experimental results obtained over salt concentration and applied voltage. In particular, when discharge voltage was increased with fixed charge voltage, charge efficiency was enhanced with marginal loss in the capacity, which suggests a possibility of an efficient energy-use by adjusting the operating condition. Secondly, a novel carbon material and analytical method were proposed to investigate deionization rate in CDI. A novel carbon material called metal organic framework (MOF)-derived carbon (MDC) with hierarchic pore structure was synthesized and electrochemical and deionization performances were examined compared to microporous and mesoporous carbons. The result confirmed that hierarchically porous carbon could show outstanding deionization rate mainly due to its unique pore structure. To develop a new method for evaluating rate capability of deionization, potential sweep method was utilized which applies voltage under different scan rates for charging a CDI cell. Deionization capacity was obtained over low to high scan rates and its retention ratio was used as a criterion for the rate capabilityhigh retention ratio represents better rate capability. This method was applicable for various parameters such as electrode thickness, salt concentration, and flow rate. As a result, the thinner electrode, high salt concentration, and high flow rate showed better rate capability. Lastly, a novel concept to evaluate deionization performance was proposed, called the CDI Ragone plot. This plot was developed to show deionization capacity and rate over wide range of current load in constant current operation, thus maximum capacity and rate could be available. Moreover, it allows intuitive acquisition of deionization performance obtained in different parameters. In conclusion, this dissertation could provide an insight to understand deionization capacity and rate. Furthermore, a novel concept was firstly proposed, called the CDI Ragone plot, which could simultaneously demonstrate two important parameters in CDI, which are deionization capacity and rate. Therefore, it would be a comprehensive guide for deionization performance as a future standard in CDI.1. Introduction 1.1. Backgrounds 1.2. Objectives 2. Literature review 2.1. Activated carbons 2.2. Carbon fibers 2.3. Carbon aerogels 2.4. Ordered mesoporous carbons 2.5. Carbon nanotubes 2.6. Graphene 2.7. Carbon/carbon composites 2.8. Novel carbon materials 3. Deionization Capacity in Capacitive Deionization 3.1. Relationship between Capacitance of Activated Carbon Composite Electrodes Measured at a Low Electrolyte Concentration and Their Deionization Performance in Capacitive Deionization 3.1.1. Introduction 3.1.2. Experimental 3.1.3. Results 3.1.4. Discussion 3.1.5. Conclusions 3.2. Enhanced Charge Efficiency and Reduced Energy Use in Capacitive Deionization by Increasing the Discharge Voltage 3.2.1. Introduction 3.2.2. Theory 3.2.3. Experimental 3.2.4. Results and Discussion 3.2.5. Conclusions 4. Deionization Rate in Capacitive Deionization 4.1. Solvent Evaporation Mediated Preparation of Hierarchically Porous Metal Organic Framework-derived Carbon with Controllable and Accessible Large-scale Porosity 4.1.1. Introduction 4.1.2. Experimental 4.1.3. Results and Discussion 4.1.4. Conclusions 4.2. Potential Sweep Method to Evaluate Rate Capability in Capacitive Deionization 4.2.1. Introduction 4.2.2. Materials and Methods 4.2.3. Theory 4.2.4. Results and Discussion 4.2.5. Conclusions 5. CDI Ragone Plot as a Functional Tool to Evaluation Deionization Performance in Capacitive Deionization 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Experimental 5.3. Results and Discussion 5.4. Conclusion 6. ConclusionsDocto
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