Determination of Trace Mercury Species in Water and Soil Samples with Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

采用氢化发生-冷原子荧光光谱法,测定了厦门市集美周边地区的几种水和土壤样品中汞的不同形态含量。在仪器优化条件下直接进样测定水中微量无机汞的含量,再用溴酸钾-溴化钾消解水样并测定其总汞含量,由总汞与无机汞含量之差计算出有机汞含量;采用微波消解体系测定土壤样品中的总汞含量,同时用连续化学浸提法提取测定包括可交换态汞、盐酸溶汞、元素汞、腐殖酸结合态汞、有机质结合态汞和硫化汞的不同汞形态含量,并最终测定残态汞含量。实验结果表明,实验室排放水中汞含量高于Ⅰ类污水综合排放标准(GB8978—1996),说明实验室排放水是严重的汞环境污染源之一。而公路边土壤、近海沉积物和菜园土壤的汞形态含量均低于相应的国家标准,但由于人为污染造成菜园土壤汞的不断积累应引起高度重视。实验同时对水和土壤样品的测量检出限及方法回收率进行试验,结果表明在优化的实验条件下水和土壤汞的检出限分别为0.0008μg·L-1和0.0723μg·kg-1,3个水平的加标平均回收率分别为93.7%和93.8%,方法准确、可靠。With hydride generation-cold atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS), the method of determining trace mercury species in water and soil samples in Jimei, Xiamen city, China was established. The content of inorganic mercury in water was measured by sample direct injection, while the total mercury was measured after digestion with the reagents of KBrO3-KBr. The soil samples were digested with microwave for total mercury measurement. Sequential extraction procedure was carried out for determining different mercuric species in soil samples. The results indicated that the mercury concentration of wastewater from chemical laboratory exceeded the limit of the integrated wastewater discharge standard of China (GB 8978—1996). It is one of the serious pollution sources of mercury in environment. The mercury contents from soil samples including the sideward soil of highway, the sea sediment and the garden soil were under the limits of relative national standards of China. However, attention should be paid to the accumulation of mercury in garden soil due to the artificial pollution. Meanwhile, the average recoveries for water and soil samples tested with adding standards were 93.7% and 93.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the detection limits estimated with 3-fold standard deviation were 0.000 8 μg·L-1 for water and 0.072 3 μg·kg-1 for soil, respectively. The results indicated that the established method, with the merits of high sensitivity and precision, was suitable for the measurement of trace mercury species in environmental samples.国家自然科学基金项目(20175022);; 福建省基金项目(D0610016);; 厦门市科技项目(3502Z20055025);; 集美大学创新团队基金项目(2006A003)资

用于短距离光通信系统中的先进调制格式研究

在长距离光通信系统中,采用高阶外调制和相干接收技术来提高系统总的传输容量。但是在短距离光通信系统中更倾向于使用低成本的直接调制-直接检测技术,此时,要实现高速、大容量传输就必须采用多电平调制。目前国际上主流的调制方案有三种:PAM（脉冲幅度调制）、DD-OFDM（直接检测-正交频分复用）调制和CAP（无载波幅度相位）调制,文章对这三种方案的原理与性能进行了分析与比较,希望以此作为未来短距离大容量光通信系统设计的依据

Template Induced Fabrication of Nitrogen Doped Carbon Sheets as Electrode Materials in Supercapacitors

兼具有优良的导电能力，高的比表面积和极佳的化学/机械稳定性，具有二维形貌的纳米碳材料近年来逐渐成为超级电容器电极材料的研究热点. 我们在此首次报道一种模板诱导方法以制备具有规整片状形貌的氮掺杂碳材料. 我们将作为硬模板的片状镁铝双金属氢氧化物与熔融的邻苯二胺混合后加入三氯化铁催化剂，进而通过加热使邻苯二胺聚合并碳化，随后刻蚀除去其中的氧化物成分即可以得到具有规整六边形片状氮掺杂碳材料. 通过改变碳化时的温度，可以有效的调节利用该方法所得到的氮掺杂碳片的形貌、结构、石墨化程度、氮含量以及比表面积. 更重要的是这些氮掺杂碳片在用作超级电容器电极材料时体现出优异的电化学性能，在0.5 A·g-1的电流密度下其比容量可以达到290.0 F·g-1的. 在1 A·g-1的电流密度下经过10000周循环测试后，其容量仍然可以达到初始值83%.Due to the good electrical conductivity, high specific surface area, and excellent chemical/mechanical stability, carbon nanomaterials with two-dimensional morphology have gradually become the hot topic of the research on supercapacitors. Herein, we report for the first time the fabrication of nitrogen doped carbon sheets (NCSs). In our approach, the sheet-like magnisum aluminum (MgAl) layered double hydroxide was used as the hard template, which was mixed with o-phenylene diamine and iron chloride. The following thermal treatment could render the polymerization and carbonization of o-phenylene diamine. The NCSs with ordered hexagonal architectures were formed by final etching process of the thermally treated mixture. The morphology, structure, graphitic degree, nitrogen content and surface area of the as-prepared NCSs could be adjusted by the temperatures of the thermal treatment. More importantly, the NCSs exhibited outstanding electrochemical performances as the electrode materials in supercapacitors. Among the NCSs, the sample obtained from 600 oC (NCS-600) achieved a capacity of 290.0  F·g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A·g-1. After 10,000 cycles at 1 A·g-1, the NCS-600 still retained 83% of its initial capacity, indicating high cycling stability.国家重点基础研究发展计划项目（973计划，2014CB239701）国家自然科学基金项目(21372155和21572132)资助作者联系地址：上海交通大学 化学化工学院，上海 200240Author's Address: School of Chemistry and chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China通讯作者E-mail：[email protected]

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials