INTERANNUAL DYNAMIC of LITTER FALL of Kandelia Candel MANGROVE AND ENERGY FLOW THROUGH THE LITTER IN JIULONGJIANG ESTUARY, FUJIAN PROVINCE,CHINA

福建九龙江口红树林生态系统研究的一个主要部分。通过对秋茄红树群落凋落物进行为期11A（1982~1992年）逐月连续测定。结果表明：凋落物产量年际波动在651.2~1108.6g/M2A，11A平均为862.9g/M2A，其中，叶占总量的63.3%，枝15.9%，果15.3%，花5.5%。不同年份凋落物量变化率（r）为1.7。1年中凋落物量以夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季。凋落物能流量达12702~21664kJ/M2A，年际均值为16832kJ/M2A，其中春季3847，夏季6557，秋季4214，冬季2214（kJ/M2）。各组分能流量分别为：落叶10756，落枝2683，落花930，落果2453（kJ/M2A）。大量凋落物可为近海河口海洋生物提供可持续利用的有机物质和能量来源。This paper is a part of the studies on the mangrove ecosystem in the estuary of Jiulongjiang River in Fujian Province.The litterFall of Kandelia candel mangrove community was collected For a period of 11 years From 1982 to 1992.The results showed that the annual litter production ranged From 651 2 to 1108 6 g dw/m 2·a.The mean value was 862 9 g/m 2·a of which litter leaF comprised 63 3%,branch 15 9%,Fruit 15 3% and Flower 5 5% respectively.The yearly litterFall Fluctuation rate was 1 70.Seasonal trends in total litterFall was in the order of summer>autumn>spring>winter,which coincided with increasing temperatures.The energy Flow through the litterFall was estimated at 16 832 kJ/m 2·a of which 3847 kJ/m 2 were in spring,6557 kJ/m 2 in summer,4214 kJ/m 2 in autumn and 2214 kJ/m 2 in winter.In the Four litter Fractions,leaF contributed the largest proportion with 10 756 kJ/m 2·a,branch 2683 kJ/m 2·a,Fruit 2453 kJ/m 2·a and Flower 930 kJ/·a.This is an important energy source available to the Food chains of marine organisms in the mangrove region of the estuary.国家自然科学基

ACCUMULATION AND DYNAMICS of Cu,Pb,Zn AND Mn ELEMENTS IN KANDELIA CANDEL(L.) DRUCE MANGROVE COMMUNITY of JIULONG RIVER ESTUARY of FUJIAN

探讨福建九龙江口秋茄（kAndElIACAndEl（l.）druCE）红树林Cu、Pb、zn、Mn元素的累积和生物循环。结果表明：该林地表层土壤（0~30CM深）Cu、Pb、zn、Mn元素的储量分别为6.86、4.23、25.64和134.67g/M2；植物体不同部位相应元素的含量范围分别为1.85~6.97、0.37~3.74、16.0~25.2和140~1405μg/g。群落Cu、Pb、zn、Mn元素的现存储量分别为87.98、40.34、335.34和8006.99Mg/M2；林地残留物中相应元素的储量分别为593.06、49.27、2450.79和43486.70μg/M2。群落Cu、Pb、zn、Mn元素的生物循环为：年吸收量分别为10.17、4.32、49.14和2268.16Mg/M2；年归还量分别为2.21、0.70、18.63和1574.98Mg/M2；年存留量分别为7.96、3.62、30.51和693.18Mg/M2；周转期分别为40、58、18和5年。吸收系数、利用系数和循环系数均为Mn＞zn＞Cu＞PbThe accumulation and biocycle of Cu,Pb,Zn and Mn elements were studied in Kandelia candel(L.)Druce mangrove community of Jiulong River Estuary of Fujian.The pool amounts of Cu,Pb,Zn and Mn elements in the Forest soil (0～30 cm in depth) were 6.86 ,4.23,25.64 and 134.67 g·m -2 ,respectively.The respective element contents ranged From in diFFerent parts of the plant, 1.85～6.97, 0.37～3.74, 16.0～25.2 and 140～1405 μg·g -1 of Cu,Pb,Zn and Mn.The pool amounts of elements in standing crop of the community were 87.98,40.34,335.34 and 8006.99 mg·m -2 For Cu,Pb,Zn and Mn respectively.The pool amounts of Cu,Pb,Zn and Mn elements in residues were: 593.06, 49.27, 2450.79 and 43486.70 μg·m -2 respectively.The biocycle of the elements in the community were described as Follows: Annual uptake of Cu was 10.17,Pb 4.32,Zn 49.14 and Mn 2268.16 mg·m -2 ;Annual return of Cu was 2.21,Pb 0.70,Zn 18.63 and Mn 1574.98 mg·m -2 ;Annual retention of Cu was 7.96,Pb 3.62,Zn 30.51 and Mn 693.18 mg·m -2 .The turnover periods of Cu,Pb,Zn and Mn were 40,58,18 and 5 year,respectively.The absorption,utilatizion and cycle coeFFicients were in the order of Mn>Zn>Cu>Pb.国家自然科学基

Degradation of Methyl Orange by Aspergillus niger

考察不同培养时间、PH值、温度、转速、碳源、氮源等条件对黑曲霉An-1(ASPErgIlluS nIgEr)菌丝球降解甲基橙的影响.结果表明,在培养时间为24 H、PH值为5.0、温度为30℃、转速为150 r/MIn、以葡萄糖为碳源、以硫酸铵为氮源等最佳条件下,An-1的降解率接近100%.Effects of Aspergillus niger AN-1 on degradation of Methyl Orange were studied under different conditions of culture time,pH,temperature,rotational speed,carbon sources and nitrogen sources.The results showed that the degradation rate was nearly 100 % to Methyl Orange when optimal culture time was 24 hours,pH value 5.0,temperature 30 ℃,rotational speed 150 r/min,glucose as carbon source and ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source.漳州师范学院科学研究资助项目(SK09011

Preliminary studies on effects of restored mangroves on coastal soils

初步研究了不同林龄的再植红树林对海岸湿地土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,红树林恢复对深层土壤(20～25cm)的影响强于表层(0～5cm);与光滩相比,红树林恢复对表层土壤的氧化还原性无显著影响,但导致20～25 cm土层氧化性增强;再植红树林对土壤营养盐有明显吸收作用,其中NH4+-N含量显著高于NO2--N 和NO3--N,为主要吸收营养盐,PO43--P含量虽与IN相当,但红树林对P的吸收并不明显;随着红树林恢复时间的延长(林龄增加),20-25 cm土层的pH值显著下降,红树林酸化作用增强;各样地表层土壤SO42-含量无显著差别,但恢复林地深层土壤明显高于光滩。Effects of mangroves restored in different years on physical and chemical properties of coastal soils were studied. Results showed that the effects on deep soils (20-25cm) were more significant than surface soils (0-5cm). Eh values of 20-25cm soils under mangrove forests were higher than those of barren soils. Restored mangroves strongly assimilated nutrients from soils to accelerate their growth. The contents of NH4+-N were higher than those of NO2--N and NO3--N and NH4+-N was the main inorganic nitrogen assimilated by mangroves. Although its contents were nearly the same as the inorganic nitrogen, PO43--P was assimilated little. As mangroves grew, pH values at depth of 20-25cm decreased significantly and soil acidification was strengthened. There was no significant difference in SO42- contents among the surface soils but at depth of 20-25cm, the contents of the soils under mangrove forests was higher than those of barren soils.国家自然科学基金资助项目(40276036);; 福建省自然科学基金资助项目;; 厦门大学环境科学研究中心“凌峰”科研奖励计

Effects of simulated sea level rise on the mangrove Kandelia candel

研究了壤质沙土 (粗质土 )和粘土 (细质土 )条件下红树植物秋茄 (K andelia candel)对水位上升和淹水时间延长的反应。模拟海平面上升 30 cm导致红树林土壤的酸化 ,且细质土的酸化比粗质土严重 ;秋茄繁殖体的萌苗速度明显加快 ;促进秋茄的早期生长 ,尤其是导致最初 2个月茎高生长的增加 ,然而 ,后 2个月秋茄的相对生长率并不因水位的升高而增加 ;地下部 /地上部生物量比减小 ,在粗质土中尤为如此 ;幼苗粗根比例明显增加 ;叶片叶绿素 a/ b比值下降。在微型盆栽试验条件下 ,无论是高水位还是低水位 ,所有的秋茄繁殖体均成功萌发且幼苗在整个试验期间均成活。在野外条件下 ,秋茄幼苗成活率在高水位和低水位条件下均高达 90 %以上。野外条件下 ,无论是经胚轴萌发还是幼苗移栽的幼苗 ,最初 4个月的茎高生长均为低潮区高于高潮区 ,与微型试验结果相同。微型盆栽试验和野外种植试验均表明 ,海平面上升 30 cm对秋茄的萌发和早期生长具有促进作用Due to their special habitats, intertidal zones along tropical and subtropical coastlines, mangroves may be influenced by decreased intertidal elevation and prolonged tidal inundation from sea level rise. Kandelia candel is a major viviparous mangrove species of the east group and dominative along South China coastlines. The present study aims to investigate propagule establishment, seedling growth and physiological responses of Kandelia candel to simulated sea level rise of 30cm under different soil types. Mesocosm experiment was set up as follows. Mature viviparous propagules of K. candel were planted in pots containing soils from Mai Po and Sai Kung mangrove forests in Hong Kong with loamy-sandy (coarse) and silty (fine) textures. Four tanks were used in this experiment, one for high water level with coarse soil (Treatment HC), one for high water level with fine soil (Treatment HF), one for low water level with coarse soil (Treatment LC), one for low water level with fine soil (Treatment LF). Artificial seawater with salinity of 15 was pumped into and out of the tanks at regular intervals so that the systems formed simulated semidiurnal tidal conditions with two “flooding tide” periods and two “ebbing tide” periods everyday. Daily inundation time of high and low water treatments was 16 h and 4 h, respectively. Water level of HC and HF was 30 cm above soil surface, higher than those of LC and LF (0 cm). Each treatment had 3 replicate pots, i.e., there were three pots in each tank. Under both high and low water levels, all propagules successfully established and the seedlings survived throughout the mesocosm experiment. Acidity due to simulated sea level rise was more serious in fine soil than that in coarse soil. Propagules had more rapid establishments under high water level and prolonged inundation. Water level rise of 30cm and prolonged inundation stimulated early growth especially in stem height increments during the first two months. However, relative growth rates (RGRs) during the second two months did not significantly change with water level rise. The root/shoot biomass ratio in seedlings treated with high water level was significantly lower than that treated with low water level, especially in coarse soil. Biomass percentages of coarse roots significantly increased with water level rise. Water level rise led to decreases in chlorophyll a/b ratios in leaves. Contents of N and P in roots tended to increase with water level rise and prolonged inundation. To test the results from mesocosm experiment, field trials were set up in two intertidal zones, lower intertidal (LI) and upper intertidal (UI) zones, in seaward open flat of a natural mangrove forest at Sai Kung of Hong Kong. The annual mean seawater salinity at Sai Kung was about 15, similar to that in mesocosm experiment. LI was about 20m farther from the forest than UI and the latter was near the forest seaward fringe. The two zones had similar soil physio-chemical characteristics to those in treatments HC and LC of mesocosm experiment, with loamy-sandy (coarse) texture. Daily duration of tidal inundation of the LI zone was about 4h longer than that of the UI zone, and the elevation of the former was about 30cm lower than the latter. For the field trials, K. candel seedlings had similar high survival rates of over 90%. Survived seedlings from both propagule plantation and seedling transplantation also showed higher stem increments during the first four months in lower intertidal zones with higher water level and prolonged inundation than those in upper zones.国家自然科学基金资助项目 ( 4 0 2 760 3 6) ;; 福建省自然科学基金资助项目 ( D0 410 0 0 6) ;; 香港环境保护基金资助项目 ( 92 10 0 0 7)~

Studies on the control of alien invasive plant Macfadyena unguis-cati with ecological substitution

在厦门市鼓浪屿受外来入侵植物猫爪藤危害严重地段,开展了人工清除结合生态替代根除猫爪藤的研究。结果表明:猫爪藤具有很强的无性繁殖能力,大于10 g重的块根成活率达100%。地下部生物量有97.1%集中在地表0~40cm土层中。采取清除地上部分,并挖除地下40 cm深根系的方法,1年后株防效达71.5%。为防止地下残存块根的再次萌发扩展,人工清除后种植白蝶合果芋、细叶萼距花形成密集植被可限制猫爪藤萌生和生长。每年3~6月是防除猫爪藤的最佳时间。Experiments on control of invasive plant Macfadyena unguis-cati with ecological substitution have been performed in the place located in the Gulangyu Island in Xiamen, where is seriously damaged by Macfadyena unguis-cati(L.) A.Gentry. The result shows that M. unguis-cati has strong asexuality reproduce capacity. The roots of M. unguis-cati,which weigh more than 10 g,can germinate 100 percentage. 97.1 percentage of the biomass below-ground concentrates on the earth from 0 cm to 40 cm. Hand control is proved effective to some extent which is to exterminate the above-ground part completely and the below-ground roots to 40 cm depth. To avoide the regrowth of the survival below-ground roots, the ecological substitution is necessary. After removing, the regeneration of M. unguis-cati could be prevented by planting other plants by occupying the space, such as Syngonium podophllum and Cuphea hyssopifolia. The best time to control and remove M. unguis-cati is from March to June every year.厦门市科技局资助重大课题(3502Z20022012

Effects of NaCl Stress on Photosynthesis of Three Bamboos

采用盆栽试验法,对花叶唐竹(SInObAMbuSA TOOTSIk f.luTEOlO-AlbO-STrIATA)、小琴丝竹(bAMbuSA MulTIPlEX‘AlPHOnSE-kArr’)和刺黑竹(CHIMOnObAMbuSA nEOPurPurEA)进行不同浓度盐(nACl)胁迫(Ck、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%、0.7%、1.0%)处理,用美国lI-COr公司生产的lI-6400便携式光合作用分析系统测定其各项光合作用相关指标,分析研究其中重要的4项指标:净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(gS)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(CI)和蒸腾速率(E),以探究nACl胁迫对3种竹子叶片光合作用的影响。结果表明:低盐胁迫(0.1%nACl处理)提高了小琴丝竹和刺黑竹叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,而对花叶唐竹影响不大,但随着盐胁迫浓度的增加,3种竹类植物叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率呈逐渐下降的趋势;3种竹类植物胞间二氧化碳浓度随盐胁迫浓度的提高变化规律不明显。Four important indices of photosynthesis,including net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),transpiration rate(E) and intercellular CO2(Ci) of the three bamboos of Sinobambusa tootsik f.luteolo-albostriata,Bambusa multiplex ‘Alphonse-karr’ and Chimonobambusa neopurpurea were studied by LI-6400 Portable Photosynthesis System and treatments by different concentrations of NaCl(CK-0.0%,S1-0.1%,S2-0.3%,S3-0.5%,S4-0.7% and S5-1.0%) in order to discuss the effects of NaCl stress on the photosynthesis of bamboos.The results showed that: low concentrations of NaCl stress(0.1%) promoted the Pn,Gs and E of Bambusa multiplex ‘Alphonse-karr’ and Chimonobambusa neopurpurea,but little effect on Sinobambusa tootsik f.luteolo-albo-striata;from 0.3% NaCl stress to 1.0% NaCl stress,with the increasing of salinity,Pn,Gs and E of all three bamboos were decreased;Ci of all three bamboos was not in good relationship with the increasing of salinity.厦门市科学技术局科研项目(No.3502Z20102003); 厦门市市政园林局科研项目(No.YK-2000-02

Character of Sand Beach Dynamic Despositional Environment in Xiamen University

通过在研究区海滩进行定位采样,结果表明,研究区海滩中潮位附近浅表层物质主要由粗砂至极粗砂的颗粒组成,各正态组分间的截点与频率分布曲线上低谷的位置并不一一对应,这些特征都与本区的强水动力有密切关系。The test at the beach of Xiamen University puttes forward,that the substances near the tested area's tidal stage are composed of coarse sand and extreme coarse sand,and each normal distribution group's cut-off point can't correspond to the frequency distribution line's all-time low position.The characteristicses have an close relation with the tested area's strong hydrodynnamical

Character of Sand Beach Dynamic Despositional Environment in Xiamen University

通过在研究区海滩进行定位采样,结果表明,研究区海滩中潮位附近浅表层物质主要由粗砂至极粗砂的颗粒组成,各正态组分间的截点与频率分布曲线上低谷的位置并不一一对应,这些特征都与本区的强水动力有密切关系。The test at the beach of Xiamen University puttes forward,that the substances near the tested area's tidal stage are composed of coarse sand and extreme coarse sand,and each normal distribution group's cut-off point can't correspond to the frequency distribution line's all-time low position.The characteristicses have an close relation with the tested area's strong hydrodynnamical

STUDY ON THE TOLERANCE of KANDELIA CANDEL MANGROVE SEEDLINGS TO CADMIUM

土培和砂培相结合，以不同镉浓度处理秋茄幼苗的试验结果表明：100Mg/l镉浓度对种苗萌发产生显著抑制效应：第2对叶萌发百分率在13.3%以下。在幼苗生长阶段，砂培25Mg/l组，幼苗（植物体平均镉含量146.43μg/g）受严重伤害致死；土培25Mg/kg，幼苗（镉含量27.24μg/g）生长正常；达50Mg/kg时，幼苗（镉含量30.47μg/g）生长明显受抑制，生物量和高度生长量分别比对照降低19.54%和25.02%，因此植物体镉积累浓度是抑制幼苗生长的主要因素之一，与其他陆生木本植物相比，秋茄属高耐性植物。根据秋茄幼苗根与其它器官镉含量的比值变化，确定土培幼苗体内耐受镉的临界值大约为30μg/g。eedlings of Kandelia candel mangrove were treated with diFFerent concentrations of Cdin soil culture and sand culture under the same conditions。The results show that the treat-ment with Cd at a level of 100 mg/kg has a signiFicantly inhibitive eFFect on the germinationof the seedlings,with the second pair of cotyledons germinated at a rate of below 13.3%。Inthe stage of seedling growth,the seedlings growing in a sand culture treated with 25 mg/L ofCd were heavily injured,with an average content of 146.43μg Cd/g tissue , and died aFtergrowing For 65 days。The seedlings growing in a soil culture treated with 25 mg/kg of Cdwere normal to grow,with an average content of 27.24μg Cd/g tissue,and those treated withup to 50 mg/kg of Cd had a signiFicantly innibited growth,with an average content of30.47μg Cd /g tissue,and the biomass and height reduced by 19.54%and 25.02%,respec-tively,relative to control.This indicates that the level of cadmium accumulated in the plant isone of the main Factors inhibiting the growth of the seedlings。As compared with other terres-trial xylophyta,K.candel is a plant resistant to a higher Cd pollution。Based on the ratio ofCd level in the roots to that in other organs of the seedlings,the critical value of Cd in tissuethat the seedlings growing in a soil culture can tolerate was determined to be about 30μgCd/g tissue。国家自然科学基