Vegetation water conservation effect in the Jinghe River basin:An analysis based on topography and soil type

植被保水效益是黄土高原地区研究的热点,以往的研究往往将环境因子的异质性忽略,在环境均质的假设下进行小尺度的试验研究。本文基于GIS技术,综合考虑土壤、地形等因子,分析了黄土高原泾河流域的植被保水效益及空间分布特征。结果表明:泾河流域植被平均每年可以保持的水量是3.92×108m3,占泾河流域把口站的流量的1/3;总的保水量大小为草地>农田>森林>灌丛,不同植被类型平均保水效益为农田>森林>灌丛>草地,与前人研究结果不同的是,本文的研究是基于栅格单位的(30m),而前人则是基于点数据的;土壤类型在决定植被保水效益中起重要的作用,本文更客观地反映了流域内植被保水能力及空间分布

基于地形和土壤的泾河流域植被生态系统保水效益分析

植被保水效益是黄土高原地区研究的热点,以往的研究往往将环境因子的异质性忽略,在环境均质的假设下进行小尺度的试验研究。本文基于GIS技术,综合考虑土壤、地形等因子,分析了黄土高原泾河流域的植被保水效益及空间分布特征。结果表明:泾河流域植被平均每年可以保持的水量是3.92×108m3,占泾河流域把口站的流量的1/3;总的保水量大小为草地>农田>森林>灌丛,不同植被类型平均保水效益为农田>森林>灌丛>草地,与前人研究结果不同的是,本文的研究是基于栅格单位的(30m),而前人则是基于点数据的;土壤类型在决定植被保水效益中起重要的作用,本文更客观地反映了流域内植被保水能力及空间分布

新疆紫草细胞悬浮培养过程研究

新疆紫草细胞生长和紫草素合成之间属非生长偶联型,所以采用二步培养法研究悬浮培养过程。新疆紫草细胞悬浮培养的生长周期约为21 d,紫草素合成周期约为16 d。新疆紫草细胞生长阶段培养液的电导率与生物量呈线性负相关,随着生物量的增加,培养液的电导率降低。因此,可以通过测量电导率来预测培养体系中生物量的变化情况。细胞生长过程中硝酸盐、铵盐和可溶性糖的消耗与生物量的变化具有很好的线性相关性,基于硝酸盐、铵盐和可溶性糖的细胞收率系数分别为8.64、104.3和0.68 g/g

荧光光谱法研究紫草素与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

采用荧光光谱法研究了紫草素和牛血清白蛋白的相互作用.实验结果表明,紫草素对牛血清白蛋白的荧光有明显的猝灭作用,其方式为静态猝灭,紫草素与牛血清白蛋白之间发生了分子内非辐射能量转移;紫草素和牛血清白蛋白的结合位点数为1,结合位置距离212位色氨酸残基1.92nm;温度为22和36℃时,紫草素对牛血清白蛋白荧光的猝灭常数分别为6.96×10^4和5.91×10^4mol/L.热力学分析表明,紫草素与蛋白之间的结合以静电作用力为主.同时,紫草素分子含有多个羟基,它们之间还存在氢键作用力

荧光光谱法研究紫草素与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

采用荧光光谱法研究了紫草素和牛血清白蛋白的相互作用.实验结果表明,紫草素对牛血清白蛋白的荧光有明显的猝灭作用,其方式为静态猝灭,紫草素与牛血清白蛋白之间发生了分子内非辐射能量转移;紫草素和牛血清白蛋白的结合位点数为1,结合位置距离212位色氨酸残基1.92nm;温度为22和36℃时,紫草素对牛血清白蛋白荧光的猝灭常数分别为6.96×10^4和5.91×10^4mol/L.热力学分析表明,紫草素与蛋白之间的结合以静电作用力为主.同时,紫草素分子含有多个羟基,它们之间还存在氢键作用力

荧光光谱法研究紫草素与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

采用荧光光谱法研究了紫草素和牛血清白蛋白的相互作用.实验结果表明,紫草素对牛血清白蛋白的荧光有明显的猝灭作用,其方式为静态猝灭,紫草素与牛血清白蛋白之间发生了分子内非辐射能量转移;紫草素和牛血清白蛋白的结合位点数为1,结合位置距离212位色氨酸残基1.92nm;温度为22和36℃时,紫草素对牛血清白蛋白荧光的猝灭常数分别为6.96×104和5.91×104mol/L.热力学分析表明,紫草素与蛋白之间的结合以静电作用力为主.同时,紫草素分子含有多个羟基,它们之间还存在氢键作用力

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials