Damage to Alexandrlum tamarense DNA Caused by Hydroxyl Radicals

利用羟基自由基(·OH)压载水处理系统,采用大气压强电场放电技术制取·OH溶液对塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrlum tamarense)进行处理。通过普通光学显微镜,荧光显微镜和电子显微镜对·OH处理前后的塔玛亚历山大藻的细胞结构进行观测。结果表明,·OH能有效破坏藻细胞,从而造成藻类死亡。利用随机扩增多态性DNA(random amplification polymorphic DNA,RAPD)和实时定量PCR(RT-PCR)相结合的技术检测·OH对DNA链的破坏作用。共得到了3条有显著差异的扩增产物。这3条扩增产物经测序,并通过NCBI(national center of biotechnology information)的比对分析,最终得到1条可用RT-PCR检测·OH对DNA破坏作用的基因序列。以上的结果表明,·OH压载水处理系统能有效去除塔玛亚历山大藻,并对其DNA造成破坏。This paper referred to a ballast water treatment system by using hydroxyl radical(·OH),in which the atmospheric pressure electric discharge technology was applied to produce hydroxyl radicals to treat Alexandrlum tamarense.The morphology of A.tamarense before and after being treated by ·OH was observed by ordinary optical microscope,fluorescence microscope and electron microscope,respectively.The findings presented that ·OH effectively did damage to the algal cells and led to algae perishing and the damage of ·OH to DNA strand was detected by using combination of random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)and RT-PCR technology.In addition,three DNA bands with differences were found and sequenced;then sequence alignment was performed in the website of National Center of Biotechnology Information(NCBI).Finally,a gene sequence was found for RT-PCR analysis that further proved the damage to DNA strand.In conclusion,the ballast water treatment system of ·OH was capable to removes A.tamarense in water effectively,causing damages of the DNA strand.中国杰出青年学者基金(NSFC)(61025001);; 中国国家科技支撑项目(2013BAC06B00);; 海洋科学研究公共利益的专项基

Application of Hydroxyl Radicals Ballast Water Treatment System on Ship

构建了250 m~3/h羟基自由基压载水处理系统并进行了实船试验。整个试验按照国际海事组织(IMO)的要求进行,对水中藻类、细菌和水质参数进行了检测。试验结果显示,经此系统处理后压载水中藻类浓度和细菌浓度达到了IMO规定的压载水排放标准;处理后的压载水水质变好,不会造成二次污染。该系统可实现在压载水的输送过程中杀灭外来水生生物和病原体,并可以改善水质。A 250 m3/h hydroxyl radicals ballast water treatment system is constructed and tested on ship. The whole experiment is conducted in accordance with the requirements of International Maritime Organization(IMO). The concentration of algae and bacteria, as well as some water quality parameters are determined. Experimental results show that the concentration of algae and bacteria in ballast water treated by this system achieved the ballast water discharge standard of IMO regulations. The treated ballast water has higher water quality and will not cause secondary pollution. The system can kill the alien aquatic organisms and pathogens in the process of delivering ballast water and can improve water quality

高藻饮用水系统中羟基自由基降解诺氟沙星

在厦门翔安水厂12000t/d常规饮用水处理工艺的基础上建立了\"混凝沉淀-砂滤-·OH/NaClO氧化降解抗生素及消毒-清水池\"的处理系统,在九龙江流域高藻爆发期完成了工程化试验.结果表明,当砂滤出水总藻密度为2.04×103cells/mL时,注入相同氧化剂剂量0.5mg/L处理20s后,·OH将56ng/L的诺氟沙星降解至未检出,而NaClO仅降解至54ng/L.·OH在氧化降解抗生素的同时能杀灭全部藻细胞.根据HPLC-MS/MS检测到的降解中间产物分析,·OH氧化降解诺氟沙星通过进攻哌嗪环、萘啶环和氟原子破坏药效团,直至矿化为CO2和H2O.·OH消毒后不产生消毒副产物,检测的106项指标均达到国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749-2006）,为我国高藻饮用水中抗生素的安全处理提供技术支撑.国家重大科研仪器研制项目(NSFC:61427804);;科技部创新人才推进计划重点领域创新团队(2015RA4008);;国家自然科学基金资助重大研究计划(91441132

Degradation of 2-methylisoborneol in water by hydroxyl radical

二-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)是一种由蓝绿藻以及放线菌等微生物产生,具有桥环结构的饱和叔醇,在水中具有令人厌恶的土霉味,常规水处理工艺难以对其氧化; 降解.利用大气压强电离放电生成羟基自由基(·OH),对2-MIB进行氧化降解,确定了其氧化剂剂量效应、时间效应关系,并利用GC-MS对2-MIB; 氧化降解过程中间产物的分析,推断其氧化降解机制.结果表明:对初始浓度为150,300ng/L的2-MIB,分别投加总氧化剂TRO1.8,2.3m; g/L,接触反应6s去除率分别为96%和97.6%,处理后残余浓度低于10ng/L; (低于人类嗅阈值).在2-MIB水样中加入·OH淬灭剂叔丁醇(TBA)后,2-MIB的去除效果明显降低,证明氧化降解2-MIB的主要为·OH.另; 外通过对氧化降解过程中间产物分析表明,·OH能破坏2-MIB的桥环结构,并最终矿化生成CO_2和H_2O.2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) produced by cyanobacteria and actinomycetes; is a saturated bicyclic-tertiary alcohol, which can cause earthy/musty; taste and odor in surface water. Moreover, 2-MIB is usually difficult to; be decomposed and removed by conventional water treatment process. In; this paper, hydroxyl radical (·OH) generated by a strong ionization; discharge process at atmosphere pressure was used to degrade 2-MIB in; water, of which the removal efficiency including dose effects and; contact reaction time were investigated. The intermediate products; formed in ·OH treatment process were analyzed by GC-MS, and the; oxidative degradation mechanism of 2-MIB by ·OH was discussed. Results; show that the removal rate for 2-MIB with initial concentration of 150; and 300ng/L could reach 96% and 97.6% within 6.0s, while the total; reactive oxidant (TRO) dose were 1.8 and 2.3mg/L, respectively. After; ·OH treatment, the concentration of 2-MIB in water was lower than 10ng/L; (lower than the human olfactory threshold). The degradation effects of; 2-MIB were obviously reduced by the ·OH scavengers tertiary butyl; alcohol (TBA), indicating that ·OH should be the main oxidant for 2-MIB; oxidative degradation. By analyzing the intermediates produced in the; oxidative degradation process, it was found that the bridge ring; structures of 2-MIB could be destroyed by ·OH and finally mineralized to; CO_2 and H_2O.国家科技支撑计划项目; 国家重大科研仪器研制项目; 科技部创新人才推进计划重点领域创新团队; 辽宁省重点实验室基础研究项

Seasonal Variation on Nutrient Limitation for Phytoplankton Growth in a Coastal River-Reservoir System,Southeast China

选取厦漳泉三地市饮用水源地九龙江20条支流以及4个水库开展2013~2014年为期一年的逐月水质与生态调查与监测,并借助gIS、统计分析方法,识别了氮磷营养盐和浮游植物藻类丰度和群落的时空变异性,河流与水库氮磷营养盐限制的差异性以及其控制性的季节性变化特征.结果表明,九龙江支流和水库的营养盐、藻类丰度和群落都分别展示出明显的时空变异性.支流和水库均呈现营养盐氮素浓度冬春季节较高,夏秋季节较低;营养盐磷素浓度大体与之相反.水库藻类丰度于夏季最高,而支流藻类丰度呈现冬春季节较高,夏秋季节较低的趋势.其中,汀溪水库于秋冬春季节和夏季呈现硅藻,绿藻演替;江东库区于冬春,夏秋季节呈现绿藻-隐藻、绿藻-蓝藻演替;石兜-坂头水库以及支流均未出现季节演替现象,优势藻分别为蓝藻、绿藻.rdA排序图较好地显示了浮游植物藻类与环境因子之间的关系.水库叶绿素A与氮磷营养盐之间呈现显著相关性,相关关系较强,并且其相关关系在冬春季节呈现营养盐磷的限制性,夏秋季节呈现营养盐氮的限制性.相比于水库,支流叶绿素A与营养盐之间只有夏秋季节呈现显著相关性,且相关关系较弱.A comprehensive analysis was conducted using a dataset obtained from October in 2013 to October in 2014 monitoring in 20 headwater streams of Jiulong River and four reservoirs,situated in such a coastal river-reservoir system in Southeast China suffering from intensive anthropogenic disturbance.In-situ monitoring,GIS and statistical analysis were coupled in this study to identify the spatiotemporal variations of nutrients & phytoplankton abundance and community structure,the differentiation of nitrogen & phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton growth,and the seasonal variations in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth.The results showed that there were obvious spatiotemporal variations in terms of nutrients & phytoplankton abundance and community structure in the 20 headwater streams and four reservoirs.The concentration of nitrogen was higher in winter and spring whereas lower in summer and autumn for both 20 headwater streams and four reservoirs.However,the concentration of phosphorus showed an opposite trend.The phytoplankton's abundance was the highest in summer for four reservoirs while it was higher in winter and spring,lower in summer and autumn in the 20 headwater streams.Meanwhile,the main trend in the succession of phytoplankton was from Bacillariophyta in autumn,winter and spring to Chlorophyta in summer in Tingxi reservoir,from Chlorophyta-Cryptophyta in winter and spring to Chlorophyta-Cyanophyta in summer and autumn in Jiangdong reservoir.No obvious trend exhibited in phytoplankton succession in Shidou-Bantou reservoir and 20 headwater streams.The Redundancy analysis( RDA) ordination plots well displayed the phytoplankton's community structure and its relationships with environmental factors.Besides,according to linear regression analysis there was a closer correlation between chlorophyll-a and nutrients in four reservoirs than in 20 headwater streams.In four reservoirs,N limitation was preliminarily observed in autumn whereas P limitation exhibited in winter.国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAC06B01); 国家自然科学基金项目(41471154

Research on the rapid inactivation of typical algae blooms by hydroxyl radical

以典型水华藻铜绿微囊藻、针杆藻和四尾栅藻为研究对象,利用大气压强电离放电高效生成的羟基自由基(·OH)对3种藻进行杀灭.采用荧光染色、流式细胞仪; 和光合活性等生物学方法,确定·OH杀灭的阈值浓度和时间,并观察细胞形态变化.结果表明,当混合藻中铜绿微囊藻、针杆藻和四尾栅藻的初始藻密度分别为1; 9.5*10~4、21.8*10~4和4.90*10~4cells/mL时,; ·OH杀灭的阈值浓度为1.07mg/L,致死时间为4.5s;形态观察结果表明,处理后各种藻的形态是完整的,无内溶质溢出.因此,采用·OH可实现高; 效快速杀灭水华藻,有效保障饮用水安全.Algae blooming in water sources breaks out increasingly and seriously; threatened the water supply safety. Bench scale tests were conducted to; study the effects of ·OH generated from strong ionization discharge and; high pressure water jet cavitation on cell density, cell integrity and; photosynthetic capacity of 3kinds of typical freshwater algae. Algae; species including Microcystis aeruginosa, Synedra sp., and Scenedesmus; quadricuauda were respectively prepared at concentrations of 19.5*10~4,; 21.8*10~4 and 4.90*10~4 cells/mL, and the cell integrity was assessed by; flow cytometry. Results suggested that the ·OH lethal threshold of the; algae was 1.07mg/L within the exposure time of 4.5s. The cell; morphological observation results showed that all the cells were; integral and no cytoplasm composition spilled. Hence, large-scale; production of ·OH is a novel method to inactive typical algae species; efficiently and to protect drinking water safety simultaneously.国家科技支撑计划资助项目; 国家重大科研仪器研制项

Treatment System of Ballast Water in Oceanic Ships Using Hydroxyl Radical(·OH) Based on Strong Electric-field Discharge

船舶压载水的交换可能致使海洋中不同海域生物的交互入侵,打破原有海域生态系统的平衡,为此,研究了一种基于强电离放电方法规模化制备羟基自由基技术的新型船舶压载水处理系统。该系统利用大气压下强电场电离放电,将氧气和气态水充分电离,离解产生大量氧活性粒子,并通过高速射流,在管路中完成空化效应,制备高浓度羟基溶液,实现在船舶压载水装载过程中快速、高效的杀灭有害微生物和病原体。实验结果显示,压载水经过质量流量为10 T/H的压载水处理系统处理后,藻和细菌被全部杀灭,致死率达100%。在48 H和120 H两个时间点对处理舱进行检测,未发现有再生现象发生。除此之外,比较处理前后水质参数及生物学指标变化情况,经羟基处理后丙二醛(MdA)浓度有明显升高,而水中bOd、COd质量浓度明显降低。通过对MdA检测,羟基杀灭机制很可能是通过影响细胞脂质过氧化进程来完成。处理后压载水的水质得到了明显改善,减轻了压载水排放过程中对排放水域的环境压力。Exchanging ballast water from ships might cause the interactive bio-invasion of different seawater, and break ecological balance.Therefore, we described a ship ballast water system which generates hydroxyl radical from strong electric field ionization discharge.The discharge at atmospheric pressure could ionize O2 in air and gaseous H2O to form a large amount of oxygen active particles, which were injected into a tube of the ballast water treatment system to generate a high concentration of ?OH solution through the cavitation effect.The ?OH solution could kill harmful micro-organisms in ballast water quickly and efficiently.Test results showed that, after being treated by the system at a flow speed of 10 t/h, the single-cell algae and bacteria in ballast water were almost completely eliminated, and the micro-organisms did not reactivate at 48 h and 120 h.In the treated ballast water, the concentration of malondialdehyde(MDA) obviously increased while BOD and COD decreased significantly.According to the MDA test, ?OH probably kills algae and bacteria though preoxidating their cytolipin.The treatment can effectively lower the pollution from the ballast water.The results indicate that solution of high ?OH concentration significantly improves the quality of ballast water, hence it relieves the environmental threats of the ballast water discharge on local marine system.国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)(2012AA062609); 国际科技合作项目(2010DFA61470); 国家杰出青年科学基金(61025001)~

Study on the corrosion effect of ballast tank caused by ballast water treatment of hydroxyl radical

针对羟基自由基(·OH)法处理船舶压载水过程中可能对压载舱造成腐蚀情况进行研究。在最大羟基处理浓度2.5 Mg/l条件下作用压载舱常用低碳钢、不锈钢及非金属材料,检测处理前后压舱水对压载舱材料的腐蚀影响。结果表明羟基法处理压载水系统在高效杀灭外来有害生物的过程中,对压载舱金属与非金属并不具有明显的腐蚀增强,这一结果满足IMO的技术要求。羟基法在快速处理船舶压载水的同时对于压载舱壁金属腐蚀而言是安全的。该研究结果对日后压载舱的防腐设计以及压载水处理装置在船舶上的推广应用具有重要的意义。The thesis presents the study of the situation that hydroxyl radical( ·OH) may cause the corrosion of ballast tank material in the process of ballast water treatment.Under the highest using concentration of hydroxyl radical,the materials,such as low-carbon steel,stainless steel,and Non-metallic,are commonly used in the ballast tank to evaluate the corrosion influence that ballast water makes on the materials of ballast tank in the pre-and post-treatment testing.The result showed that the corrosion effect of the hydroxyl radical on the metal and non-metal materials does not increase obviously when used in the system of ballast water treatment to effectively kill the exotic pests,which meets the requirements of IMO.It is safe for ballast tank wall metal to utilize the hydroxyl radical in the ballast water treatment.The study result holds a great significance for the anti-corrosion design of the ballast tank and the popularization as well as the application of this ballast water treatment system on board.国家高技术研究发展计划(2012AA062609); 国家杰出青年科学基金资助项目(61025001

Treatment of algae bloom water using ·OH based on conventional drinking water process

我国水体的富营养化日益严重,水源地出现季节性藻类爆发现象,严重威胁饮用水安全。以厦门市莲坂水厂各工艺段出水为研究对象,采用大气压强电离放电产生羟; 基自由基(·OH),分别对水源水、混凝沉淀出水、砂滤出水进行处理,处理时间为4.5 s。当注入总氧化剂浓度为1.8 mg·; L~(-1)时,高藻浓度从25.3*10~4 cells · mL~(-1)降到800 cells ·; mL~(-1);对混凝沉淀出水注入总氧化剂0.6 mg· L~(-1)、砂滤出水注入0.2 mg·; L~(-1)时,藻细胞都未检出;·OH处理后CODMn、TOC及UV254均有明显降低,砂滤出水三卤甲烷小于8; mug·L~(-1);检测的各项指标均达到国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB; 5479-2006)。因此,·OH可快速有效安全地杀灭高藻,为我国高藻水源地饮用水卫生安全保障提供技术支撑。Due to the increasing eutrophication in China, harmful algae blooms; often occur in water body periodically, which poses serious threats to; drinking water safety. Using a strong ionization discharge technology at; atmosphere pressure, ·OH was used to remove algae bloom. Other; conventional process such as coagulation, sedimentation and sand; filtration were applied respectively in the Lianban Water Plant in; Xiamen (China). The total reaction time required in the three water; processes was only 4.5 s. When the total reactive oxidant (TRO); concentration injected to algae bloom water was 1.8 mg·L~(-1), the algae; content was decreased by ·OH from 25.3*10~4 cells·mL~(-1) to 800; cells·mL~(-1). When the TRO that was injected into coagulation,; sedimentation and sand filtration water achieved 0.6 mg·L~(-1) and 0.2; mg·L~(-1), respectively, the algae contents were not detected (ND) in; treated effluents. At the same time, water quality in CODMn, TOC and; UV254 were decreased and the disinfection by-products(DBPs) such as,; trihalomethanes (THMs) concentration was lower than 8 mug·L~(-1) in; treated effluents. The treated effluent, resulting from this technology,; met the requirement of the National Drinking Water Standards (GB; 5479-2006). Therefore, ·OH was effective and safe to remove freshwater; algae without further treatment being required.国家科技支撑计划项目; 国家重大科研仪器研制项目; 科技部创新人才推进计划重点领域创新团

Treatment characteristics of marine microalgae hydroxyl radicals in ship′s ballast water

鉴于当前尚无一种有效治理压载水中外来有害生物入侵的方法,为解决这一难题,本文采用高级氧化技术,即生成高浓度羟基溶液的方法治理船舶压载水中的海洋微生物.研究主要是利用介质阻挡强电离放电的方法,将空气中的O2和海水中H2O电离离解成.OH等氧化自由基,溶于海水中形成高浓度羟基溶液.同时,实验以羟基致死压载水中的湛江等鞭金藻、牟氏角毛藻和大肠杆菌为例进行了研究.结果表明:羟基致死微生物的阈值为0.6 Mg·l-1,主要是破坏了藻类体内的叶绿素,进而导致藻类的死亡.Currently,there is no effective method to treat the introduced algaes and bacteria in the ship′s ballast water.To solve this problem,the method of advanced oxidation technology producing high-concentration hydroxyl radical solution was used to treat marine microorganisms.With strong ionization discharge,O2 in air and H2O in seawater could be ionized and dissociated into a number of activate particles such as hydroxyl radicals(· OH),which can dissolve into seawater(a part of ballast water) to form the high concentration · OH solution.With the high reaction rate and broad-spectrum lethal characteristic,· OH radicals could kill the introduced microorganisms through dissociative radical reactions in the course of both discharging and inputting the ballast water,without the pollution by medicament.In this study,Isochrysis zhanjiangensis,Chaetoceros muelleri and Escherichia coli in ballast water were killed by · OH radicals.Results indicated that the threshold lethal concentration of · OH radicals for microorganisms in ballast water was 0.6 mg · L-1.A-chlorophyll was damaged by · OH radicals during the treatment,which resulted in the death of algaes.国家自然科学基金项目(No.50877005); 国家杰出青年科学基金项目(No.61025001); 国际科技合作项目(No.2010DFA61470); 国家高技术研究发展(863)计划(No.2012AA062609); 中央高校基本科研业务费(No.2011QN63;2012QN067)~