国内外推广屋顶绿化的基本经验及对厦门市的启示

现代化的屋顶绿化在国外已有几十年的发展历史,技术趋于成熟,与之配套的政策法规不断完善。国内的很多大城市也在2000年前后加大了屋顶绿化的推广力度,积累了很多宝贵的经验。厦门市屋顶绿化的发展离不开政府的政策引导和资金扶持,要鼓励政策与硬性保障政策并举,同时提供强有力的财政支持;相关部门要牵头推进屋顶绿化的规范化,做好屋顶绿化的设计、施工及后续养护管理的监督工作;还要培育一支具有过硬技术的屋顶绿化队伍,鼓励专业屋顶绿化公司的发展;能否得到公众的认可和支持则是屋顶绿化成败的关键

GABAA受体在神经精神疾病中的作用及治疗潜力

大量证据表明γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）能系统在神经精神疾病的病理过程中起重要作用。A型γ-氨基丁酸（GABAA）受体调节剂在临床上的应用已经有较长历史，但副作用和药物依赖的风险限制了它们的使用。随着对不同GABAA受体亚型在这些疾病病理过程中所起作用的不断深入了解，亚型选择性GABAA受体调节剂被认为可能是潜在的治疗策略。本文回顾了揭示GABAA受体和焦虑、抑郁及精神分裂症之间联系的研究成果，同时对亚型选择性GABAA受体调节剂的研究进展作一综述。 Abundant evidences indicate a role of GABAergic system in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric dis-orders. GABAA receptors modulators have been long used in clinical. But the unwanted side-effect and risk of drug dependence have limited their use. With the increase understanding of the role of individual GABAA recep-tor subtypes in the pathology of these diseases, the subtype-selective GABAA receptors modulators and the multi-compound therapy may serve as potential therapeutic strategies. Here we review the researches which revealed the involvement of GABAA receptors in anxiety, depression and schizophrenia, and the research for new development in subtype-selective GABAA receptor modulators

中国主要荒漠植物水份利用效率与δ13C关系的研究

通过对我国主要荒漠植物样品稳定性碳同位素含量的测定，确定了我国主要荒漠植物光合代谢途径的类型、分布以及与主要环境因子的关系。对十余种典型荒漠建群种采用气体交换和稳定性碳同位素测定相结合的方法，并且结合植物解剖学的方法对其光合代谢途径和水份利用效率进行了系统研究。该研究结果填补了我国荒漠植物光合代谢途径全面系统的空白，作为基础研究资料，对于众多的有关荒漠植物的应用研究具有重要的参考价值。在该项研究中发现，荒漠植物骆驼刺地上部光合器官叶茎刺的生物量结构与生长环境密切相关，通过测定不同光合器官的稳定性碳同位素的含量可以解释其变化的原因

黄河上游地区近千年气候变化的模拟重建

运用BP人工神经网络较好地建立了全球气候模式模拟数据与区域气候之间的关系,拟合了黄河上游沙漠河谷地区的近千年温度、降水序列。在气候信号年代际和百年际变化特征上,拟合结果较为理想,但对极值的拟合能力较差,尤其是冬季温度和夏季降水的拟合极值偏差较大。拟合结果表明该地区近千年存在中世纪暖期、小冰期和现代暖期,且小冰期降温在冬季更为明显,冬季平均气温小冰期比中世纪暖期低2C。降水的千年变化趋势较温度略微平缓,尤其冬季降水无明显趋势变化。空间分布显示20世纪暖期在近千年是最暖的,但降水较中世纪暖期偏少。</p

Stable isotope analysis of water use sources of Phragmatis australis in heterogeneous water-salt habitats in the Yellow River Delta

To clarify the effects of the historical diversion of Yellow River on the hydrological use sources of vegetation in the Yellow River estuary,we used stable isotope tracing techniques to monitor hydrogen and oxygen isotope abundances of rainwater,surface water,soil water in different soil layers,and Phragmatis australis in different water-salt habitats,including the intertidal Yellow River course (TC),the new area on the current banks of the Yellow River (NC),and the abandoned Yellow River course in 1996 (OC) during the growing season.We analyzed water sources of P.australis in different habitats using the Bayesian mixed model.The results showed that there were significant differences in soil salinity and water potential among the three habitats.The value of salinity followed an order of TC>OC>NC.There were significant differences in salinity between the surface soil (0-10 cm) and the sub-surface soil in the OC habitat,but no differences in salinity among different soil layers in other two habitats.Water potential was greater in the NC than the other two habitats.Water use strategy of P.australis varied with habitats in different seasons.During the wet season (July-September),P.australis in the TC mainly used groundwater (25%),surface tidal water (25%) and soil water at 0-20 cm layer (23%).P.australis in the NC mainly used groundwater (26%),Yellow River water (25%),and topsoil water (24%).P.australis in the OC mainly used surface soil water (50%),as well as groundwater (27%).Increased rainfall enhanced soil water and surface runoff,dilution of soil surface salts,and water table,facilitating the water uptake of P.australis.In the dry season (May-June),P.australis in the TC mainly used deep soil water (more than 50%).The use of groundwater(24%),Yellow River water (23%) and soil water by P.australis in the NC was relatively evenly distributed across all layers.P.australis in the OC mainly used water from the 20-40 cm soil layer (86%),which was related to water source type and soil water retention capacity.In summary,water use strategies of P.australis are different in the water-salt heterogeneous habitats formed by the historical diversion of the Yellow River,which is also the physiological and ecological mechanism underlying the adaptation of P.australis to diversified water-salt environments

Expression and localization of galectin-1 during hair follicle development and hair cycle in mice(半乳糖凝集素1在小鼠毛囊发育、毛发周期中的表达与定位)

To investigate the role of galectin-1 (Gal-1) during hair follicle (HF) development and hair cycle in C57BL/6J mice, the molecular biology and histological techniques were used to analyze the expression and localization of Gal-1 during distinct stages of HF development and hair cycle. The results of real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting (WB) showed that the expression of Gal-1 varied in distinct stages of HF development. Expression of Gal-1 at 15.5 d of gestation (E15.5) was significantly greater than that in other embryonic stages. Moreover, as the HF of newborn mice developed, the expression level of Gal-1 gradually decreased. During the natural hair growth cycle, the expression of Gal-1 in telogen (P25) was significantly greater than that in anagen (P33) and catagen (P18). During the HF cycle of mice after synchronization, the expression of Gal-1 was high in the early anagen, decreased gradually with the growth of HF. When HF entered catagen and telogen, the expression of Gal-1 tended to increase. Immunohistochemical analysis results showed that Gal-1 protein was continuously expressed during HF development and hair cycle, but its protein localization changed dynamically. In conclusion, Gal-1 likely regulates murine HF morphogenesis and facilitates the telogen-to-anagen transition, thereby promoting HF regeneration.(为研究半乳糖凝集素1（galectin-1, Gal-1）在毛囊（hair follicle, HF）发育与毛发周期中的作用，本研究选取C57BL/6J小鼠为研究对象，采用分子生物学及组织学技术检测Gal-1在HF发育不同阶段及毛发周期中的表达与定位。实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应、蛋白质印迹法检测结果显示：Gal-1在HF发育不同阶段的表达量不同，在孕15.5 d（E15.5）的表达量显著高于孕鼠胚胎其他时期，且随着新生小鼠HF发育，Gal-1表达量逐渐降低。小鼠HF自然生长周期中，Gal-1在静止期（小鼠出生后第25天，记为P25）的表达量极显著高于生长期（P33）与退行期（P18）；在同步化后小鼠HF周期中，Gal-1在生长期前期高表达，但随着HF生长，其表达量逐渐降低，当HF进入退行期、静止期后，Gal-1表达量又呈上升趋势。免疫组织化学分析结果显示：Gal-1蛋白在HF发育及毛发周期中持续表达，但其蛋白质定位呈现动态变化。综上所述，Gal-1可能在小鼠HF生长发育中发挥作用，并诱导HF从静止期进入生长期，促进HF再生。

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials