CALCIUM DISTRIBUTION IN THE DEVELOPING ANTHER OF LYCIUM BARBARURN L.

在枸杞花药发育过程中,用焦锑酸钾沉淀的钙颗粒显示出了一个与花药发育事件有关的分布特征：在孢原细胞时期的花药中钙颗粒很少。在造孢细胞到小孢子母细胞时期,花药中钙颗粒增加。当花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时,花药中的钙颗粒进一步增加,尤其是在小孢子母细胞的胼胝质壁中。在小孢子发育早期,花药药隔部位的绒毡层细胞质中钙颗粒也明显增加并特异性地分布在其内切向壁上。当小孢子被释放出后,钙颗粒开始特异性积累在正在形成的花粉外壁中,尤其在萌发孔的部位聚集了大量的钙颗粒。当小孢子形成大液泡时,其细胞质中的钙颗粒明显减少。在小孢子分裂形成二胞花粉后,在二胞花粉的大液泡中又特异性地出现许多细小钙颗粒。随着二胞花粉的大液泡完全消失,其细胞质中又出现了许多钙颗粒。接近开花时的成熟花粉粒细胞质中,细小的钙颗粒主要分布在营养细胞和生殖细胞中。枸杞花药发育过程中钙的分布特征反映了其参与调控花粉发育过程。We used potassium antimonate to precipitate“exchangeable cellular Ca~(2+)”-calcium that is sufficiently loosely bound to combine with antimonite,to investigate the feature of calcium distribution during anther development of Lycium barbarurn L.Before the stage of microspore mother cell,few calcium-induced precipitates were found in sporogenous cells and the somatic cells of anther wall.When microspore mother cell (MMC) preparing meiosis,calcium precipitates appeared in the cytoplasm of tapetal cells and callus wall surrounding MMC.After the meiosis of MMC,abundant calcium precipitates were accumulated in the cytoplasm of early microspores,and then in pollen wall,especially in the part of germ-pores.During the late microspore stage,a big vacuole formed and the nucleus was forced to move to peripheral region.Calcium precipitates de- creased sharply and might dissolve in the large vacuole.After microspore mitosis,calcium precipi- tates appeared in the big vacuole of 2-cellular pollen,and then the vacuole disappeared.After that,the calcium precipitates again appeared in the cytoplasm of 2-cellular pollen,and the cyto- plasm became densely and storage materials like starches accumulated inside the pollen grains. When pollen maturating,many small calcium precipitates distributed in its cytoplasm,especially in nucleus.The feature of calcium distribution in the anther of Lycium barbarurn L.means that it plays some biological roles during microspore development.国家自然科学基金(30670126)

Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ Ｍｕｌｃｈｉｎｇ Ｍｏｄｅｓ ｏｎ Ｓｏｉｌ Ｍｏｉｓｔｕｒｅ，Ｇｒａｉｎ Ｙｉｅｌｄ

为了加深对地面覆盖措施保墒增产机理的认识,通过大田试验,对黄土高原南部旱塬区秸秆和地膜两种覆盖方式下玉米农田土壤水分动态、作物产量形成和水分利用效率进行了分析。结果表明:在试验年份,与不覆盖相比,秸秆覆盖后玉米生育期内土壤储水量提高了5.2%～8.4%(P<0.05),籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别降低了7.8%和3.5%;而地膜覆盖下土壤储水量的差异不显著,但显著提高了产量构成指标,其籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别较对照提高了14.1%和10.6%(P<0.05),显示后者抑制土表蒸发所增加的土壤水分更多地、更有效地被作物根系吸收利用了。从产量形成和水分利用效率角度分析,本地区旱作玉米农田使用地膜覆盖有较好的保墒增产效果。Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｔｏ　ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｓ　ｏｆ　ｓｏｉｌ　ｍｏｉｓｔｕｒｅ　ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｃｒｏｐ　ｙｉｅｌｄ　ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ　ｂｙ　ｓｏｉｌ　ｓｕｒｆａｃｅｍｕｌｃｈｉｎｇ　ｄｅｅｐｌｙ，ｓｏｉｌ　ｗａｔｅｒ　ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ，ｃｒｏｐ　ｙｉｅｌｄ　ｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｗａｔｅｒ　ｕｓｅ　ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ　ｉｎ　ａ　ｃｏｒｎ　ｆｉｅｌｄ　ｕｎｄｅｒ　ｓｔｒａｗｍｕｌｃｈｉｎｇ　ａｎｄ　ｐｌａｓｔｉｃ　ｆｉｌｍ　ｍｕｌｃｈｉｎｇ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ　ｂｙ　ａ　ｆｉｅｌｄ　ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ　ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｄｒｙｌａｎｄ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ　Ｌｏｅｓｓ　Ｐｌａｔｅａｕ．Ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｙｅａｒｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ，ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ　ｗｉｔｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ　ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ　ｍｕｌｃｈｉｎｇ，ｓｏｉｌ　ｗａｔｅｒｓｔｏｒａｇｅ　ｕｎｄｅｒ　ｓｔｒａｗ　ｍｕｌｃｈｉｎｇ　ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ　ｉｎ　ｃｏｒｎ　ｇｒｏｗｔｈ　ｓｔａｇｅ　ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ　ｂｙ　５．２％～８．４％ （Ｐ＜０．０５）ａｎｄｇｒａｉｎ　ｙｉｅｌｄ　ａｎｄ　ｗａｔｅｒ　ｕｓｅ　ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ　ｕｎｄｅｒ　ｓｔｒａｗ　ｍｕｌｃｈｉｎｇ　ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ　ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄ　ｂｙ　７．８％ａｎｄ　３．５％，ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ．Ｔｈｅ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ　ｏｆ　ｓｏｉｌ　ｗａｔｅｒ　ｓｔｏｒａｇｅ　ｉｎｄｕｃｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｐｌａｓｔｉｃ　ｆｉｌｍ　ｍｕｌｃｈｉｎｇ　ｗａｓ　ｎｏｔ　ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ，ｂｕｔ　ｐｌａｓｔｉｃｆｉｌｍ　ｍｕｌｃｈｉｎｇ　ｒｅｍａｒｋａｂｌｙ　ｒａｉｓｅｄ　ｙｉｅｌｄ　ｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ　ｉｎｄｅｘ　ａｎｄ　ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ　ｇｒａｉｎ　ｙｉｅｌｄ　ａｎｄ　ｗａｔｅｒ　ｕｓｅ　ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ　ｂｙ１４．１％ａｎｄ　１０．６％ｏｖｅｒ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ（Ｐ＜０．０５），ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ．Ｔｈｉｓ　ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｓ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｏｉｌ　ｍｏｉｓｔｕｒｅ　ｉｎｃｒｅｍｅｎｔｂｙ　ｔｈｅ　ｉｎｈｉｂｉｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｐｌａｓｔｉｃ　ｆｉｌｍ　ｍｕｌｃｈｉｎｇ　ｏｎ　ｓｏｉｌ　ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ　ｅｖａｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎ　ｗａｓ　ａｂｓｏｒｂｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｃｒｏｐ　ｒｏｏｔｓ，ｍｏｒｅ　ｌａｒｇｅｌｙ　ａｎｄ　ｍｏｒｅ　ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ．Ｉｎ　ｔｅｒｍｓ　ｏｆ　ｙｉｅｌｄ　ｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｗａｔｅｒ　ｕｓｅ　ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ，ｔｈｅ　ａｄｏｐｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｐｌａｓｔｉｃ　ｆｉｌｍｍｕｌｃｈｉｎｇ　ｉｎ　ｄｒｙ－ｆａｒｍｉｎｇ　ｃｏｒｎ　ｆｉｅｌｄｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｒｅｇｉｏｎ　ｍａｙ　ｉｎｄｕｃｅ　ｂｅｔｔｅｒ　ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ　ｏｆ　ｓｏｉｌ　ｍｏｉｓｔｕｒｅ　ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ　ａｎｄｃｒｏｐ　ｙｉｅｌｄ　ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎ

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials