温度对FBG外腔半导体激光器模式的影响

文章基于四阶龙格—库塔法,引入光纤光栅的位相分布,并考虑光线在外腔中的往返相移,分析了温度和外腔长度对布拉格光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器（FBG-ECL）模式的影响。数值模拟的结果表明:随着温度的升高和外腔长度的增加,FBG-ECL模式数增多,模式间距变小;外腔长度的变化对FBG-ECL模式跳变的影响明显

白骨顶的种内巢寄生行为及对不同类型寄生卵的反应

种内巢寄生是鸟类的条件性繁殖策略，具有特定的进化历史和地域特征。白骨顶（Fulica atra）作为古北界广泛分布的湿地水禽，其种内巢寄生和反寄生行为策略对于巢寄生理论假说的验证具有重要意义。通过模型卵和真卵放置试验，探究白骨顶对不同类型寄生卵的识别能力，并分析其繁殖期不同阶段的寄生防御策略。结果表明：白骨顶具有较高的种内巢寄生频率，拒卵行为包括埋卵、将寄生卵排出巢外等，对模型卵有较强的识别能力，尤其是深色模型卵未出现错误拒卵，而对于真卵的识别能力相对较弱，模型卵和真卵的拒卵成功率差异显著（χ2=4.304，p=0.038）。不同繁殖阶段白骨顶的拒卵反应差别很大，在产卵期拒卵强度高于孵卵后，两个阶段的拒卵成功率差异极显著（χ2=9.580，p=0.002）。白骨顶通过寄生卵识别和拒卵行为，减少种内巢寄生的影响，同时又权衡拒卵防御成本，在不同繁殖阶段采取有利于自身适合度的行为适应策略

COVID-19-related Olfactory Dysfunction:Prevalence,Mechanism and Recovery

新型冠状病毒感染(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19),下简称&ldquo;新冠&rdquo;,是由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)引发的全球流行传染病。鉴于嗅觉障碍是其主要神经症状,明确相关流行现状、机制和康复对促进公共健康非常重要。文献报道的新冠相关嗅觉障碍的发生率存在差异,与评估工具、人群以及变异毒株3个因素有关。其中,不同毒株之间嗅觉障碍发生率的差异可能源于刺突糖蛋白和侵入方式的变异。在外周嗅觉系统,SARS-CoV-2主要引发嗅裂炎症、支持细胞死亡和宿主免疫反应,而关于SARS-CoV-2入侵中枢的途径和机制仍存争议。部分&ldquo;长新冠&rdquo;患者存在持续的嗅觉障碍,SARS-CoV-2诱发慢性炎症反应和对嗅上皮再生的破坏是其潜在的病理基础。根据嗅觉媒介假说,SARS-CoV-2可能借由嗅觉系统影响中枢功能并最终诱发神经退行性变。嗅觉训练、药物等方法可帮助新冠相关嗅觉障碍的康复。</p

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials