Mn对异丁烯选择氧化制甲基丙烯醛Mo-Bi-Fe-Co-Cs-K复合氧化物催化剂的促进作用及其机理

采用共沉淀法制备了系列异丁烯选择氧化制甲基丙烯醛(MAL)Mo-Bi基复合氧化物催化剂,在常压固定床流动反应体系上考察了Mn助剂及其添加方式对催化剂性能的影响,并结合对相关催化剂物相结构的表征,探讨了Mn的作用机理.研究表明,以Mn(NO3)2为前驱体将Mn引入Mo-Bi-Fe-Co-Cs-K复合氧化物可显著提高催化剂的异丁烯转化率,催化剂活性的改善源于Mn加入后有助于生成更多Bi3FeMo2O12物相,但该物相的增多对催化剂MAL选择性的影响不大.以MnMoO4为前驱体引入Mn可以进一步改善催化剂的性能,在400℃,空气∶异丁烯=10∶1(体积比)和GHSV=2 000 mL.g-1.h-1的反应条件下,异丁烯的转化率可达92.8%,甲基丙烯醛的选择性最高可达93.5%,催化剂经72 h反应后性能稳定.XRD测试结果表明,以MnMoO4为前驱体引入Mn有助于促进催化剂上生成衍射峰位于25.6°和28.5°新物相,该物相的生成可大幅改善催化剂的选择性,进而显著提高催化剂在较高异丁烯转化率下的MAL得率

合成气制C_2含氧化合物Rh-Mn/SiO_2催化剂上CO吸附的红外光谱研究

采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同Mn含量的Rh-xMn/SiO2(x为Mn/Rh=0～3)催化剂,在对催化剂进行透射电镜、X射线衍射表征和CO加氢制C2含氧化合物催化性能评价的基础上,采用红外光谱技术分别考察了50和280°C下CO在催化剂上的吸附,以及50～280°C内合成气在Rh/SiO2和Rh-0.5Mn/SiO2催化剂上的程序升温反应,并在真空和CO气氛中考察了Rh-3Mn/SiO2催化剂上孪生CO吸附物种随温度的变化情况.结果表明,在CO气氛中,当温度升至200°C时,孪生CO吸附物种消失,表明在反应温度下可能不存在Rh+,即Rh+可能不是CO插入的活性位;Mn的添加有助于倾斜式CO吸附物种的生成;在合成气反应中Mn通过促进高位能甲酰基中间态的生成,提高了催化剂氢助解离CO的能力.这与适量添加Mn使催化剂上CO转化率提高的结果一致.同时,Mn的添加还有助于削弱线式CO吸附物种的Rh-C键,使其更易于在表面上迁移,进而有利于CO的插入,提高C2含氧化合物的选择性

合成气制C_2含氧化合物Rh-Mn/SiO_2催化剂上CO吸附的红外光谱研究

采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同Mn含量的Rh-xMn/SiO2(x为Mn/Rh=0～3)催化剂,在对催化剂进行透射电镜、X射线衍射表征和CO加氢制C2含氧化合物催化性能评价的基础上,采用红外光谱技术分别考察了50和280°C下CO在催化剂上的吸附,以及50～280°C内合成气在Rh/SiO2和Rh-0.5Mn/SiO2催化剂上的程序升温反应,并在真空和CO气氛中考察了Rh-3Mn/SiO2催化剂上孪生CO吸附物种随温度的变化情况.结果表明,在CO气氛中,当温度升至200°C时,孪生CO吸附物种消失,表明在反应温度下可能不存在Rh+,即Rh+可能不是CO插入的活性位;Mn的添加有助于倾斜式CO吸附物种的生成;在合成气反应中Mn通过促进高位能甲酰基中间态的生成,提高了催化剂氢助解离CO的能力.这与适量添加Mn使催化剂上CO转化率提高的结果一致.同时,Mn的添加还有助于削弱线式CO吸附物种的Rh-C键,使其更易于在表面上迁移,进而有利于CO的插入,提高C2含氧化合物的选择性

铯添加对VO_x/SBA-15催化剂丙烷氧化脱氢性能影响

我们考察了碱金属铯的添加对具有单一活性中心(分立的VO4四面体)的VOx/SBA-15催化剂上丙烷氧化脱氢反应性能的影响,发现铯的加入可以显著改善丙烯的选择性.在相同的丙烷转化率时,丙烯选择性提高了约10%.对催化剂的X射线衍射,拉曼光谱,程序升温还原,吡啶吸附IR光谱和程序升温脱附表征结果表明,少量碱金属的加入,并未改变活性中心的结构及其可还原性能,但明显降低了催化剂表面酸量,尤其是B酸量,从而有利于产物丙烯的脱附,抑制了深度氧化产物COx的产生,提高了丙烯的选择性

焙烧气氛对Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应性能的影响

采用气相色谱、质谱和原位时间分辨红外光谱等技术对空气和Ar气氛中焙烧的Ru/Al2O3催化剂样品上甲烷部分氧化(POM)制合成气反应进行了跟踪,并采用化学吸附、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱和H2-程序升温还原等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,在Ru/Al2O3-Air上POM反应出现振荡现象,而在Ru/Al2O3-Ar上则可较平稳地进行.经600°C还原后,Ru/Al2O3-Air上Ru的分散度仅为1%,而Ru/Al2O3-Ar上接近9%.这是导致两种样品上POM反应性能差异的主要因素.新鲜催化剂上存在两类Ru物种,分别是与载体相互作用较弱、较易还原的RuO2物种以及与载体相互作用较强、较难还原的Ru-O-Al物种.前者在POM反应过程中被还原为金属Ru0,后者则可随温度的升降发生周期性的还原和氧化,进而改变催化剂对CH4燃烧、重整或部分氧化等反应的相对活性,导致Ru/Al2O3-Air上POM反应尾气中各组分的浓度随时间而发生振荡

Infrared Spectroscopy Study of CO Adsorption on Rh-Mn/SiO(2) Catalyst for C(2)-Oxygenates Synthesis from Syngas

The Rh-xMn/SiO(2)(x is Mn/Rh atomic ratio = 0-3) catalyst samples were prepared by conventional co-impregnation. The samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and catalytic performance evaluation using CO hydrogenation to C(2)-oxygenates. CO adsorption behavior over Rh-xMn/SiO(2) catalyst under CO and syngas atmosphere at 50 and 280 degrees C, temperature-programmed reaction of CO with H(2) on the Rh/SiO(2)and Rh-0.5Mn/SiO(2)catalyst samples between 50 and 280 degrees C, and the change of the gem-dicarbonyl species with increasing temperature under CO atmosphere and vacuum were also studied by infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that, when the temperature was higher than 200 degrees C, the gem-dicarbonyl species was undetectable on the catalyst in the presence of CO, implying that Rh(+) site is unlikely the active site for CO insertion. The addition of Mn promoter resulted in the formation of tilted CO. The addition of Mn could be also in favor of weakening the Rh-C bond in the linear CO adspecies, which facilitated the linear CO migration on the catalyst surface and enhanced the rate of CO insertion into CH(x). This is consistent with the results from the experiment to improve C(2)-oxygenates selectivity with addition of Mn into Rh/SiO(2) catalyst. The formyl adspecies was detected by infrared spectroscopy in the experiment of temperature-programmed reaction of syngas over Rh-0.5Mn/SiO(2) catalyst. This result suggests that addition of Mn to Rh/SiO(2) is helpful to stabilize formyl species and this will be favorable to enhance the rate of hydrogen-assisted CO dissociation during the hydrogenation of CO to C(2)-oxygenates.National Natural Science Foundation of China[21033006, 20923004, 20873111]; National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)[2010CB732303]; Fujian Provincial Key Sci-Tech Project[2009HZ0002-1

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials