世纬苣苔模式产地的考证

世纬苣苔是中国特有珍稀植物,但在《中国植物志》记载的模式产地贵州省"平伐"从未找到过该植物。模式产地考证信息的缺失,会在世纬苣苔的鉴定和相关科学研究中产生一定的混乱。作者从产地记载、标本形态、分子证据三个方面进行了考证,确认了世纬苣苔模式产地是贵州省"平坝"(安顺市),而《中国植物志》所记载的模式产地是对模式标本原始记录的错误翻译。考证结果提供了正确的模式产地,使世纬苣苔的鉴定、保护、研究具有了切实可靠的依据

聚四氟乙烯中空纤维多孔膜及其制备和在膜接触器中应用

本发明涉及一种聚四氟乙烯中空纤维多孔膜的制备方法及其在膜接触器中的应用。所述方法基于二氧化硅前驱体在聚四氟乙烯纺丝液中反应原位生成二氧化硅纳米粒子，并采用硅烷偶联剂使其均匀分散，进而作为中空纤维膜成膜过程中的致孔剂。所纺膜丝经适当干燥、烧结、拉伸、萃洗等处理后可制得具有一定微孔结构的疏水性聚四氟乙烯中空纤维膜。本发明聚四氟乙烯中空纤维多孔膜在膜接触器领域有很好的应用前景

Electrochemical Preparation of Gd-Ni Alloy Film in Acetamide-urea-NaBr Melt

熔盐电解法制取稀土合金功能材料具有低成本等优点.本文选取353 K的乙酰胺-尿素-NaB r熔体,应用循环伏安法研究镍于该熔体(含0.063 mol.L-3N iC l2)、Pt、Cu电极上的还原.实验表明,N i(Ⅱ)+2 eN i(0)是一步完全不可逆反应,测得在Pt上N i(Ⅱ)的传递系数α=0.28,扩散系数D0=4.63×10-5cm2.s-1,Cu上α=0.22,D0=6.05×10-7cm2.s-1.以Cu作基体,Gd(Ⅲ)于该熔体不能单独还原为Gd(0),但可以被N i(Ⅱ)诱导共沉积.由恒电位法电解得到的Gd-N i合金,Gd(0)的含量随电解电位、Gd(Ⅲ)/N i(Ⅱ)摩尔比及电解时间的变化而变化.控制电解电位为-0.75 V,Gd(Ⅲ)/N i(Ⅱ)摩尔比为1∶1,电解20 m in.所得合金膜是非晶态的.Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the electroreduction of Ni~(2+)to Ni on Pt and Cu electrode in acetamide-urea-NaBr melt at 353K.It is irreversible in one step.At Pt and Cu eletrode the diffusion coefficient and electron transfer coefficient of Ni~(2+) in 0.063mol/dm~(3) NiCl_(2)-acetamide-urea-NaBr melt were determined.The transfer coefficient α=0.28 and diffusion coefficient D_(0)=4.63×10~(-5) cm~(2·)s~(-1)of the Pt eletrode and transfer coefficient α=0.22 and diffusion coefficient D_(0)=6.05×10~(-7) cm~(2·)s~(-1)of the Cu eletrode were measured.It was put emphasis on that Gd~(3+) is not reduced to Gd alone in copper matrix,but can be inductively codeposited with Ni~(2+).The amorphous Gd-Ni alloy films were obtained by potentiostatic electrolysis.The content of Gd in the Gd-Ni deposits changes with the cathode potential,molar ratio of Gd~(3+)/ Ni~(2+) and the electrolysis time.Under the condition of electrolyte potential-0.75V and molar ratio of Gd(Ⅲ)/Ni(Ⅱ)1:1,the alloy film obtained after electrolysis 20 min is amorphous state.作者联系地址：青海师范大学化学系,青海师范大学化学系,青海师范大学化学系,青海师范大学化学系,青海师范大学化学系 青海西宁810008,青海西宁810008,青海西宁810008,青海西宁810008,青海西宁810008Author's Address: Department of Chemistry,Qinghai Normal University,Xining 810008,Qinghai,Chin

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials