5,517 research outputs found
ドイツにおける鉄道と経済発展:プレムトリンクの見解を中心に(2)
はじめに
I.理論的枠組み
II. 鉄道部門の成長(以上第17巻第3号)
III. 経済発展における鉄道部門の役割(以下本号)
むすびに代え
Spectral Classification; Old and Contemporary
Beginning with a historical account of the spectral classification, its
refinement through additional criteria is presented. The line strengths and
ratios used in two dimensional classifications of each spectral class are
described. A parallel classification scheme for metal-poor stars and the
standards used for classification are presented. The extension of spectral
classification beyond M to L and T and spectroscopic classification criteria
relevant to these classes are described. Contemporary methods of
classifications based upon different automated approaches are introduced.Comment: To be published in "Principles and Perspectives in Cosmochemistry"
Lecture Notes on Kodai School on Synthesis of Elements in Stars: Ed Aruna
Goswami & Eswar Reddy, Springer Verlag, 2009, 17 pages, 10 figure
First-principles prediction of spin-density-reflection symmetry driven magnetic transition of CsCl-type FeSe
Based on results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations with the
local spin density approximation (LSDA) and the generalized gradient
approximation (GGA), we propose a new magnetic material, CsCl-type FeSe. The
calculations reveal the existence of ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic
(AFM) states over a wide range of lattice constants. At 3.12\,{\AA} in the GGA,
the equilibrium state is found to be AFM with a local Fe magnetic moment of
. A metastable FM state with Fe and Se local magnetic
moments of and , respectively,
lies 171.7\,{meV} above the AFM state. Its equilibrium lattice constant is
\,{\%} smaller than that of the AFM state, implying that when the
system undergoes a phase transition from the AFM state to the FM one, the
transition is accompanied by volume contraction. Such an AFM-FM transition is
attributed to spin-density -reflection symmetry; the symmetry driven AFM-FM
transition is not altered by spin-orbit coupling. The relative stability of
different magnetic phases is discussed in terms of the local density of states.
We find that CsCl-type FeSe is mechanically stable, but the magnetic states are
expected to be brittle.Comment: LaTeX,16 pages, 6 figure
Impact of Renal Impairment on Beta-Blocker Efficacy in Patients With Heart Failure.
BACKGROUND: Moderate and moderately severe renal impairment are common in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction, but whether beta-blockers are effective is unclear, leading to underuse of life-saving therapy. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to investigate patient prognosis and the efficacy of beta-blockers according to renal function using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). METHODS: Analysis of 16,740 individual patients with left ventricular ejection fraction <50% from 10 double-blind, placebo-controlled trials was performed. The authors report all-cause mortality on an intention-to-treat basis, adjusted for baseline covariates and stratified by heart rhythm. RESULTS: Median eGFR at baseline was 63 (interquartile range: 50 to 77) ml/min/1.73 m2; 4,584 patients (27.4%) had eGFR 45 to 59 ml/min/1.73 m2, and 2,286 (13.7%) 30 to 44 ml/min/1.73 m2. Over a median follow-up of 1.3 years, eGFR was independently associated with mortality, with a 12% higher risk of death for every 10 ml/min/1.73 m2 lower eGFR (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10% to 15%; p < 0.001). In 13,861 patients in sinus rhythm, beta-blockers reduced mortality versus placebo; adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 0.73 for eGFR 45 to 59 ml/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI: 0.62 to 0.86; p < 0.001) and 0.71 for eGFR 30 to 44 ml/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI: 0.58 to 0.87; p = 0.001). The authors observed no deterioration in renal function over time in patients with moderate or moderately severe renal impairment, no difference in adverse events comparing beta-blockers with placebo, and higher mortality in patients with worsening renal function on follow-up. Due to exclusion criteria, there were insufficient patients with severe renal dysfunction (eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2) to draw conclusions. In 2,879 patients with atrial fibrillation, there was no reduction in mortality with beta-blockers at any level of eGFR. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with heart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction <50% and sinus rhythm should receive beta-blocker therapy even with moderate or moderately severe renal dysfunction
Factors Associated with the Direction of Ocular Deviation in Sensory Horizontal Strabismus and Unilateral Organic Ocular Problems
How do United Kingdom (UK) medical schools identify and support undergraduate medical students who 'fail' communication assessments? : A national survey.
Acknowledgements Thanks go to Kirsty Boyd for discussion of early versions of the results of this survey. Grateful thanks to the UK Council for Clinical Communication in Undergraduate Medical Eduction for support of and contribution to this work.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Timing properties of gamma-ray bursts detected by SPI-ACS detector on board of INTEGRAL
We study timing properties of a large sample of gamma-ray bursts (GRB)
detected by the Anti-Coincidence Shield (ACS) of the SPI spectrometer of
INTEGRAL telescope. We identify GRB-like events in the SPI-ACS data. The data
set under investigation is the history of count rate of the SPI-ACS detector
recorded with a binning of 50 ms over the time span of ~10 yr. In spite of the
fact that SPI-ACS does not have imaging capability, it provides high statistics
signal for each GRB event, because of its large effective area. We classify all
isolated excesses in the SPI-ACS count rate into three types: short spikes
produced by cosmic rays, GRBs and Solar flare induced events. We find some
~1500 GRB-like events in the 10 yr exposure. A significant fraction of the
GRB-like events identified in SPI-ACS occur in coincidence with triggers of
other gamma-ray telescopes and could be considered as confirmed GRBs. We study
the distribution of durations of the GRBs detected by SPI-ACS and find that the
peak of the distribution of long GRBs is at ~ 20, i.e. somewhat shorter than
for the long GRBs detected by BATSE. Contrary to the BATSE observation, the
population of short GRBs does not have any characteristic time scale. Instead,
the distribution of durations extends as a powerlaw to the shortest time scale
accessible for SPI-ACS, < 50 ms. We also find that a large fraction of long
GRBs has a characteristic variability time scale of the order of 1 s. We
discuss the possible origin of this time scale.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&
Psychopathologie und elterlicher Stress bei 3- bis 6-jährigen Kindern mit Ausscheidungsstörungen
Objective: Incontinence and functional gastrointestinal disorders are common in young children and are associated with higher
rates of psychological symptoms and mental disorders. This article focuses on the mutual association between incontinence and related
toilet refusal syndrome, parental stress, and children’s psychopathology especially in young children. Methods: Children’s psychological
symptoms, mental disorders, and parental stress levels were assessed in 38 parent-child dyads involving children with incontinence and 42
dyads of typically developing (TD) children. Results: Compared to TD children, patients had higher internalizing and externalizing CBCL
scores and higher rates of clinically relevant externalizing problems. However, the rates of clinically relevant internalizing problems and
mental disorders did not differ. The parents of children with incontinence reported signifi cantly higher stress levels regarding child-related
stress factors (PSI-CD) than did parents of TD children. However, there were no clinically relevant parental stress scores on a group level,
which remained below the clinical range (T-value < 60). When simultaneously analyzed, children’s (comorbid) mental disorders but not incontinence had a major impact on parental stress. Conclusions: Despite moderate stress levels, incontinence symptoms, urinary and fecal incontinence are highly prevalent in young children. However, stress among parents of young children was mainly elicited by any (comorbid)
mental disorder.Fragestellung: Ausscheidungsstörungen (AS) wie funktionelle Harn- und Stuhlinkontinenz sind sehr häufi ge Störungen im
Vorschulalter und sind mit einer erhöhten Prävalenz von psychopathologischen Symptomen und psychischen Störungen bei den betroffenen
Kindern assoziiert. Innerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der wechselseitige Zusammenhang von funktioneller Harn- und Stuhlinkontinenz
sowie dem damit in Verbindung stehenden Toilettenverweigerungssyndrom auf die kindliche Psychopathologie und das elterliche Stresserleben speziell bei jungen Kindern untersucht. Methode: Psychopathologische Symptome, psychische Störungen und elterliche Stressbelastung
wurden in 38 Eltern-Kind-Dyaden bei Kindern mit vorhandener AS und in 42 Dyaden bei Kindern ohne AS untersucht. Ergebnisse: Kinder mit AS
wiesen höhere Werte von internalisierendem und externalisierendem Problemverhalten auf und waren häufi ger von klinisch relevanter externalisierender Symptomatik betroffen. Nichtsdestotrotz war die Prävalenz psychischer Störungen vergleichbar. Eltern von Kindern mit AS berichteten signifi kant höhere kindbezogene Stresslevel. Dennoch zeigte sich auf Gruppenebene kein klinisch bedeutsamer elterlicher Stress
und die mittleren Stresslevel lagen unterhalb des Bereichs der klinischen Auffälligkeit (T-Wert < 60). Bei gleichzeitiger Betrachtung des Einfl usses von AS und psychischen Störungen zeigten sich letztere als ausschlaggebend für den elterlichen Stress. Schlussfolgerungen: Trotz moderater Stresslevel konnte eine generell hohe Prävalenz von AS Symptomen bei 3–6-Jährigen aufgezeigt werden. Elterlicher Stress war jedoch bedeutsamer mit einer (komorbiden) psychischen Erkrankung assoziiert
Non-invasive Determination of the Optimized Atrioventricular Delay in Patients with Implanted Biventricular Pacing Devices
Background: Biventricular (BiV) is extensively used in the treatment of congestive heart failure but so far no recommendations for optimized programming of atrioventricular-delay (AVD) settings have been proposed. Can AVD optimization be performed using a simple formula based on non-invasive doppler-echocardiography?Methods: 25 patients (ejection fraction 30±8%) received BiV ICDs. Doppler-echocardiographic evaluation of diastolic and systolic flow was performed for different AVDs (30ms to 150ms) and different stimulation sites (left ventricular (LV), right ventricular and BiV). The optimal atrioventricular delay was calculated applying a simple formula based on systolic and diastolic mechanical delays determined during doppler-echocardiography.Results: The mean optimal AVD was calculated to be 112±29ms (50 to 180ms) for BiV, 95±30ms (65 to 150ms) for LV and 75±28ms (40 to 125ms) for right ventricular pacing with wide interindividual variations. Compared to suboptimal AVDs diastolic optimization improved preejection and ejection intervals independent to pacing site. Optimization of the AVD significantly increased ejection time during BiV pacing (279ms versus 266ms; p<0.05). Compared to LV or right ventricular pacing BiV pacing produced the shortest mean pre-ejection and longest ejection intervals as parameters of improved systolic ventricular contractile synchrony. Diastolic filling times were longest during BiV pacing compared to LV or RV pacing.Conclusions: Individual programming of BiV pacing devices increases hemodynamic benefit when implementing the inter-individually widely varying electromechanical delays. Optimization applying a simple formula not only improves diastolic ventricular filling but also increases systolic functional parameters
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