Estudio histórico y arquitectónico para la modelización numérica de edificios patrimoniales: la Torre de Comares de la Alhambra (Granada, España)

Numerical analysis techniques are becoming an essential tool over the last few decades in the field of maintenance and preservation of architectural heritage. This study presents the development of a numerical model of the Tower of Comares, in the fortress of the Alhambra (Granada, Spain). A thorough research on the historical documentation was carried out, as a crucial step to understand the structural characteristics of a heritage building and to define the mechanical properties of its construction materials. With this information, a highly-detailed three-dimensional model of the tower was developed, on which a modal and a static analysis were performed. The development of this kind of models is the basis to simulate the structural behavior of heritage buildings under different load conditions and to assess their vulnerability.Las técnicas de análisis numérico se han convertido en las últimas décadas en una herramienta esencial en el campo del mantenimiento y conservación del patrimonio arquitectónico. Este estudio presenta el desarrollo de un modelo numérico de la Torre de Comares, en la fortaleza de la Alhambra (Granada, España). Una exhaustiva investigación de la documentación histórica se ha llevado a cabo como paso fundamental para comprender las características estructurales de un edificio patrimonial y definir las propiedades mecánicas de los materiales que lo componen. Con esta información, se ha creado un modelo tridimensional con un alto detalle de la torre, sobre el que se ha realizado un análisis modal y un análisis estático. El desarrollo de este tipo de modelos es la base para simular el comportamiento estructural de edificios históricos sujetos a diferentes condiciones de carga y evaluar así su vulnerabilidad

Propuesta de sostenibilidad energética e hídrica por medio de un proceso de proyección de consumo mediante el uso del software Vensim

Teniendo en cuenta que en Colombia un 70.41% de la energía eléctrica proviene de plantas hidroeléctricas, debido al nexo existente entre el agua-energía y su aumento en los niveles de aprovechamiento; se hace necesario realizar un análisis tendencial mediante modelos informáticos y simulaciones que permitan, prevenir comportamientos negativos futuros manteniendo un equilibrio entre el medio ambiente y la eficiencia energética e hídrica. En este sentido, el siguiente trabajo consiste en elaborar una modelación de dichos recursosde la empresa Arte didáctica S.A.S, con el objetivo de analizar los patrones de consumo y de esta manera generar una proyección hacia el 2030 a través del software Vensim, que establezca oportunidades de mejora frente al uso eficiente de los recursos. Para ello, se definió la dinámica de sistemas como metodología de trabajo basada en el diseño de simulaciones; previa identificación de variables y elementos que interactúan dentro del sistema y estudiar el comportamiento del mismo, analizando el impacto de políticas alternativas. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de esta metodología indican un incremento significativo en el consumo de recursos al año 2030, por lo que se establece la inclusión de tecnologías limpias alineadas al Crecimiento verde y Producción más limpia, que disminuyeron 10% en consumo energía y 59% en consumo de agua. De igual forma, se establecieron planes de Gestión Ambiental que fortalecen la propuesta sostenible de la empresa y a su vez, contribuyen con el control de la contaminación y la mitigación de impactos ambientales asociada a la demanda de recursos.Universidad Libre – Facultad de Ingeniería -- Ingeniería ambientalBearing in mind that in Colombia 70.41% of electrical energy comes from hydroelectric plants, due to the existing link between water-energy and its increase in the levels of use; It is necessary to carry out a trend analysis through computer models and simulations that allow future negative behavior to be prevented, maintaining a balance between the environment and energy and water efficiency. In this sense, the following work consists of developing a modeling of these resources of the company Arte Didactica SAS, with the aim of analyzing consumption patterns and thus generating a projection towards 2030 through the Vensim software, which establishes opportunities of improvement against the efficient use of resources. To do this, system dynamics was defined as a work methodology based on the design of simulations; prior identification of variables and elements that interact within the system and study its behavior, analyzing the impact of alternative policies. The results obtained from this methodology indicate a significant increase in the consumption of resources by the year 2030, for which the inclusion of clean technologies aligned with Green Growth and Cleaner Production is established, which decreased 10% in energy consumption and 59% in water consumption. Likewise, Environmental Management plans were established that strengthen the company's sustainable proposal and, in turn, contribute to the control of pollution and the mitigation of environmental impacts associated with the demand for resources

Out-Of-Pocket Expenditures on Dental Care for Schoolchildren Aged 6 to 12 Years: A Cross-Sectional Estimate in a Less-Developed Country Setting

Aim: The objective of this study was to estimate the Out-Of-Pocket Expenditures (OOPEs) incurred by households on dental care, as well as to analyze the sociodemographic, economic, and oral health factors associated with such expenditures. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 763 schoolchildren in Mexico. A questionnaire was distributed to parents to determine the variables related to OOPEs on dental care. The amounts were updated in 2017 in Mexican pesos and later converted to 2017 international dollars (purchasing power parities-PPP US $). Multivariate models were created: a linear regression model (which modeled the amount of OOPEs), and a logistic regression model (which modeled the likelihood of incurring OOPEs). Results: The OOPEs on dental care for the 763 schoolchildren were PPP US$53,578, averaging a PPP of US $70.2 ± 123.7 per child. Disbursements for treatment were the principal item within the OOPEs. The factors associated with OOPEs were the child's age, number of dental visits, previous dental pain, main reason for dental visit, educational level of mother, type of health insurance, household car ownership, and socioeconomic position. Conclusions: The average cost of dental care was PPP US$70.2 ± 123.7. Our study shows that households with higher school-aged children exhibiting the highest report of dental morbidity-as well as those without insurance-face the highest OOPEs. An array of variables were associated with higher expenditures. In general, higher-income households spent more on dental care. However, the present study did not estimate unmet needs across the socioeconomic gradient, and thus, future research is needed to fully ascertain disease burden

Projected Impact of Mexico’s Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax Policy on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Modeling Study

Background: Rates of diabetes in Mexico are among the highest worldwide. In 2014, Mexico instituted a nationwide tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in order to reduce the high level of SSB consumption, a preventable cause of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We used an established computer simulation model of CVD and country-specific data on demographics, epidemiology, SSB consumption, and short-term changes in consumption following the SSB tax in order to project potential long-range health and economic impacts of SSB taxation in Mexico. Methods and Findings: We used the Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model–Mexico, a state transition model of Mexican adults aged 35–94 y, to project the potential future effects of reduced SSB intake on diabetes incidence, CVD events, direct diabetes healthcare costs, and mortality over 10 y. Model inputs included short-term changes in SSB consumption in response to taxation (price elasticity) and data from government and market research surveys and public healthcare institutions. Two main scenarios were modeled: a 10% reduction in SSB consumption (corresponding to the reduction observed after tax implementation) and a 20% reduction in SSB consumption (possible with increases in taxation levels and/or additional measures to curb consumption). Given uncertainty about the degree to which Mexicans will replace calories from SSBs with calories from other sources, we evaluated a range of values for calorie compensation. We projected that a 10% reduction in SSB consumption with 39% calorie compensation among Mexican adults would result in about 189,300 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 155,400–218,100) fewer incident type 2 diabetes cases, 20,400 fewer incident strokes and myocardial infarctions, and 18,900 fewer deaths occurring from 2013 to 2022. This scenario predicts that the SSB tax could save Mexico 983 million international dollars (95% UI $769 million–$1,173 million). The largest relative and absolute reductions in diabetes and CVD events occurred in the youngest age group modeled (35–44 y). This study’s strengths include the use of an established mathematical model of CVD and use of contemporary Mexican vital statistics, data from health surveys, healthcare costs, and SSB price elasticity estimates as well as probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses to account for uncertainty. The limitations of the study include reliance on US-based studies for certain inputs where Mexico-specific data were lacking (specifically the associations between risk factors and CVD outcomes [from the Framingham Heart Study] and SSB calorie compensation assumptions), limited data on healthcare costs other than those related to diabetes, and lack of information on long-term SSB price elasticity that is specific to geographic and economic subgroups. Conclusions: Mexico’s high diabetes prevalence represents a public health crisis. While the long-term impact of Mexico’s SSB tax is not yet known, these projections, based on observed consumption reductions, suggest that Mexico’s SSB tax may substantially decrease morbidity and mortality from diabetes and CVD while reducing healthcare costs

Risk and prognostic factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in Spanish population with multiple sclerosis during the first five waves.

Background: Data on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) during the first wave have been published but are scarce for the remaining waves. Factors associated with COVID-19 infection of any grade are also poorly known. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence, clinical features, and risk factors for COVID-19 infection of any grade in patients with MS (pwMS) during waves 1–5. Methods: This study prospectively analyzes the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 from the first to the fifth waves by periodic case ascertainment in pwMS followed at the University Hospital of Getafe (UHG). Global and stratified cumulative incidence was calculated. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the weight of selected variables as risk and prognostic factors. Results: We included 431 pwMS, of whom 86 (20%) were infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The overall cumulative incidence of confirmed cases was similar to that of Madrid (13,689 vs. 13,307 per 100,000 habitants) but 3 times higher during the first wave and slightly lower from the second to the fifth waves. The majority (86%) of pwMS developed mild forms of COVID-19. Smoking was the only factor associated with a decreased risk of SARS-CoV2 infection of any grade [odds ratio (OR) 0.491; 95% CI 0.275–0.878; p = 0.017]. Risk factors associated with severe forms were Expanded Disability Severity Scale (EDSS) ≥3.5 (OR 7.569; 95% CI 1.234–46.440) and pulmonary disease (OR 10.763; 95% CI 1.27–91.254). Conclusion: The incidence of COVID-19 was similar in this MS cohort to the general population. Smoking halved the risk of being infected. Higher EDSS and pulmonary comorbidity were associated with an increased risk of severe forms.post-print983 K

Transitive Inference Remains Despite Overtraining on Premise Pair C+D-

Transitive inference (TI) has been studied in humans and several animals such as rats, pigeons and fishes. Using different methods for training premises it has been shown that a non-trained relation between stimuli can be stablished, so that if A > B > C > D > E, then B > D. Despite the widely reported cases of TI, the specific mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain under discussion. In the present experiment pigeons were trained in a TI procedure with four premises. After being exposed to all premises, the pigeons showed a consistent preference for B over D during the test. After overtraining C+D- alone, B was still preferred over D. However, the expected pattern of training performance (referred to as serial position effect) was distorted, whereas TI remained unaltered. The results are discussed regarding value transfer and reinforcement contingencies as possible mechanisms. We conclude that reinforcement contingencies can affect training performance without altering TI

Mejoras en SG-SST para Curtiembre de San Benito en Bogotá

Este diplomado busca fortalecer el sistema de gestión integral de Curtiembre San Benito, con un enfoque específico en la mejora de la seguridad en el trabajo (SST). A lo largo del curso, se implementaron estrategias y herramientas para optimizar la gestión de la empresa, comenzando con la caracterización detallada de la empresa mediante una matriz. Esto proporcionó una visión holística de la estructura y contextos relevantes. Con esta información, se desarrolló un plan de trabajo estratégico que apunta a mejorar la seguridad laboral. Este plan aborda áreas críticas identificadas en la matriz de peligros, proporcionando una guía clara para el funcionamiento por las reglas correctivas y preventivas. En el ámbito del Sistema de Gestión de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SG-SST), se establecieron indicadores clave por desempeño para medir el progreso y la efectividad de las iniciativas implementadas. Además, se diseñaron fichas técnicas y listas de verificación como herramientas prácticas para identificar y gestionar riesgos, así como para realizar una supervisión continua del cumplimiento por la norma de trabajo. El análisis de los procesos en Curtiembre San Benito permitió identificar oportunidades de mejora significativas, no solo para optimizar la eficiencia operativa, sino también para fortalecer la salud y seguridad de los trabajadores. Se prestó especial atención a la organización del trabajo, la ergonomía y el ambiente de trabajo. Como parte integral del diplomado, se llevó a cabo un cuadro de impacto en seguridad y salud, evaluando los efectos directos e indirectos de las medidas implementadas. Este análisis integral permite comprender el impacto global de las acciones tomadas, tanto en términos de la salud y seguridad de los empleados como en la eficacia general de la empresa. Este diplomado ha equipado con las herramientas y entendimiento necesario para elevar la gestión integral de Curtiembre San Benito, priorizando la seguridad y salud en el trabajo y estableciendo un ambiente sólido para el crecimiento sostenible y responsable de la empresa.No aplic