¿De aldea fortificada a Caput Civitatis? Tradición y ruptura en una Comunidad Castreña del siglo I D.C.: El Poblado de Chao Samartín (Grandas de Salime, Asturias)

The Chao Samartin site is located adjacent to the small village of Castro, in the Grandas de Salime Township (Asturias, northern Spain). The site displays evidence of fortified settlements from the Late Bronze Age, in the transition between the 9th and 10th Centuries b.C. Site occupation persisted during the Iron Age, until Roman control was well established. At that time (second half of the 2nd Century a.D.), a violent earthquake destroyed the settlement, triggering its sudden abandonment. The archaeological excavations began in 1990, from this moment on research went on without interruption, as a part of the Navia-Eo Archaeological Director Plan, under guidance and sponsorship of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Principality of Asturias. Roman presence is noticed from the first decades of the 1st century A.D. linked to the arrival of military forces to the settlement. The control and beginning of exploitation of the new conquered territories demanded the participation of the Roman army, which besides being skilful in battles, had the technical ability to direct the massive benefit of the gold mines, to construct the road links and to guarantee the safety of the extracted metal. After the military victory, the organization of the conquered territories demanded the consolidation of regional power centres - Chao Samartin was one of them -which had peripheral control and militarized stations, as Monte Castrelo de Pelou. With the influence of the army, the centenary hillfort will experience its conversion into a relevant administrative centre, in which troops will act as effective agents for the introduction of the new culture.El Chao Samartín es un paraje inmediato al pueblo de Castro, en la localidad asturiana de Grandas de Salime, donde las evidencias de asentamientos estables fortificados se remontan a fines de la Edad del Bronce (tránsito siglos IX-VIII a.C.). La ocupación del lugar se prolongó durante la Edad del Hierro hasta bien consumada la implantación romana cuando, durante la segunda mitad del siglo II d.C., un violento seismo asoló el poblado y precipitó su definitivo abandono. Bajodominio romano el castro adquiere, en un ambiente militarizado que se prolongará hasta fines del siglo I d.C, la condición de cabecera territorial, tal vez en calidad de caput civitatis. Se suceden en este tipo cambios sustanciales en las fortificaciones y en la trama edificada castreña hasta su consolidación como asentamiento abierto, residencia de grupos sociales preeminentes. Sobre sus ruinas, ya en tiempos altomedievales, se instaló una necrópolis vigente en tiempos de la monarquía asturian

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Instituto Español de Oceanografí

Phase Shifter for Millimeter-Wave Frequency Range Based on Glide Symmetric Structures

The use of glide symmetry in radiofrequency devices to introduce dispersive effects has been recently proposed and demonstrated. One of these effects is to control the propagation constant of the structure. Here, we propose a mm-wave phase shifter whose elements have a glide-symmetric configuration to achieve a greater phase shift in the same waveguide space than the non-glide-symmetric case. The glide-symmetric phase shifter is implemented in waveguide technology and is formed by rows of metallic pins that produce the desired phase shift. To assess the better performance of the glide-symmetric phase shifter, it is compared to its non-glide-symmetric version whose metallic pins are located only in one of the broad sides of the waveguide. The operating frequency range of the phase shifter is 67 to 75 GHz. Results show a 180 degree phase shift in regard to the reference waveguide without pins, and 50 degrees more than the non-glide-symmetric version.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Sobre la secuencia cronoestratigráfica de los castros asturianos(siglos VIII a.C. - II d.C.)

A synthesis is presented of the current state of knowledge of castros in Western Asturias according to the archaeological evidence -stratigraphy, typological studies, and absolute dates-, supporting the hypothesis that pre-Roman fortified settlements existed in Asturias with long occupation sequence.Se ofrece una síntesis del estado de la cuestión en el área occidental de la provincia que avala con datos arqueológicos -estratigrafías, estudio de materiales y dataciones absolutas-, la existencia en Asturias de poblados fortificados con larga secuencia de ocupación prerromana

Molecular phylogeny of the marine snail genus Haminoea (Gastropoda, Cephalaspidea): A framework to study marine diversity and speciation

Haminoea are herbivorous, coastal snails occurring in temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific oceans, with one species present in temperate South Africa (Indian Ocean). The genus is taxonomically difficult as several available nominal species were introduced based on shell descriptions alone, or described based on subtle differences in morpho-anatomical features, without a phylogenetic molecular framework. Fifteen species are currently accepted as valid in recent scientific literature and field guides (eight Eastern Atlantic, one temperate Indian Ocean, four Western Atlantic and three Eastern Pacific). Here we generate the first complete phylogeny (Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood) of this genus based on multilocus molecular data (COI, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 28S rRNA) using a taxon set accumulated over a period of 15 years, coupled with species delimitation analyses methods (ABGD, ASAP, bPTP) and morpho-anatomical studies. The goal of this study is to provide insights into the taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships and geographical distributions of species while generating a framework for future systematic reviews of the genus, as well as to study speciation and historical biogeography. Our results rendered four possible hypotheses of species diversity: with 14, 15, 19 and 20 candidate species and point to the fact that several taxa presently regarded as valid might be conspecific (e.g. H. orteai–H. templadoi–H. exigua; and H. alfredensis–H. antillarum–H. orbignyana), while highlighting the existence of a complex of four or five species often identified as H. elegans. Pervasive nomenclatural problems in the genus, including with the type species H. hydatis, are highlighted and discussed.publishedVersio

Labyrinths in cross, loops and other geometric patterns in the plastic of the Iron Age of Asturias and its pervivance in roman times

La aplicación de motivos de base curvilínea es uno de los recursos ornamentales característicos en la Protohistoria del Noroeste peninsular. Desarrollados sobre objetos selectos y soportes variados, su aparición se produce con frecuencia en contextos correspondientes a la temprana romanidad, preferentemente en el entorno de poblados castreños. A pesar de su evidente originalidad, la pervivencia entre ajuares inequívocamente clásicos entraña dificultades en la determinación de un origen que suele resolverse con su adscripción a una ambigua tradición indígena que, paradójicamente, parece alcanzar su más genuina expresión en época romana. Este trabajo reúne algunos datos que permiten replantear esta cuestión y proponer que motivos como sogueados y lacerías son portadores de un significado específico, relevante que fue compartido por los pueblos prerromanos del área cantábrica occidental. Un código que subsistiría en época altoimperial, integrado en expresiones culturales romanas como la epigrafía, a modo de genuino “bilingüismo gráfico”.Curvilinear motifs are among the most characteristic Protohistoric ornamental resources at the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula. Delineated on select objects and varied supports, they are frequent in Early Roman contexts, particularly at hillforts. In spite of their unquestionable originality, their evolution or survival until they appear linked mostly to unequivocally classic contexts makes tracing their origin particularly challenging. Standard interpretations often revolve around an attribution to a fuzzy, ambiguous indigenous tradition that, paradoxically, would have reached its more genuine expression during Roman times. This study reviews existing and novel data that point towards an alternative interpretation, proposing that motifs such as loops bear specific, relevant meanings shared by the pre-Roman peoples of the western Cantabrian area. A code that would survive in a period of marked imperialism, integrated into Roman cultural expressions such as epigraphy, in the manner of a genuine "graphic bilingualism