Profilaxis antibiótica en cirugía

Existe una abundantísima documentación en la literatura acerca de la eficacia de los antibióticos utilizados profilácticamente en cirugía (1-10). Probablemente lo más útil para el trabajo diario de un hospital sea la adopción de pautas concretas que permitan ser evaluadas periódicamente a través de la colaboración, entre otros, de anestesistas, cirujanos y microbiólogos (11,12). En esta línea hemos revisado, de una manera intencionadamente esquemática, diversas facetas relativas a la profilaxis antibiótica en cirugía. Para ello comentaremos algunos aspectos generales de profilaxis de la infección postquirúrgica, unas breves normas para la utilización profiláctica de antibióticos y resumiremos determinadas indicaciones en función del tipo de intervención

Crecimiento y eficiencia de uso del nitrógeno en maíz de regadío en una región semiárida según la fertilización nitrogenada utilizada

The main groundwater pollution factor in irrigated maize production areas is leaching of nitrogen below the root zone. During the years 1999-2001, experiments were carried out on irrigated maize in the semiarid region of Castilla- La Mancha to evaluate the effect of nitrogen in the growth and yield of maize. Three rates of nitrogen were tested: No (0 kg N ha-1), Nop (175, 150 and 130 kg N ha-1 in 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively), and Nc (300 kg N ha-1). A high initial level of residual soil NO-3 was found in the spring of 1999 as a consequence of fertilization carryover from the previous years. Although there was no plant response to N fertilization in 1999, significant responses were obtained during the following two years. Moreover, in 2000, the grain production did not show significant differences between Nop and Nc. However, in 2001, maize yield was slightly decreased due to an attempt to decrease the Nop to 130 kg N ha-1, showing significant differences with regard to Nc. The differences in grain yield among nitrogen levels were mainly due to a significant variation in maximum leaf area index, leaf area duration and crop growth rate. There was a decreasing pattern in nitrogen use efficiency values with increasing fertilizer rates, indicating that crop production could be sustained with lower fertilizer applications. Fertilizer practices must be revised in order to control and prevent insofar as possible water pollution in "La-Mancha Oriental" aquifer.El principal contaminante del agua subterránea en las áreas de regadío cultivadas de maíz es la lixiviación del nitrógeno. Durante los años 1999 a 2001 se han realizado ensayos en maíz regado en la región semiárida de Castilla-La Mancha, con el objetivo de evaluar su producción y crecimiento ante tres dosis de nitrógeno: No (0 kg N ha-1), Nop (175, 150 y 130 kg N ha-1 en 1999, 2000 y 2001, respectivamente), y Nc (300 kg N ha-1). El alto nivel inicial de NO-3 residual en el suelo durante la primavera de 1999, consecuencia de la fertilización anterior, propició la falta de respuesta a la fertilización con N. Sin embargo, se obtuvieron respuestas significativas los dos años siguientes. Además, en el año 2000, la producción de grano no registró diferencias significativas entre Nop y Nc. Sin embargo, disminuyó ligeramente la producción en el año 2001 al tratar de reducir la dosis óptima a 130 kg N ha-1, presentando diferencias significativas respecto a Nc. Este hecho fue debido, principalmente, a una variación significativa en el índice de área foliar máximo, la duración del área foliar y la tasa de crecimiento del cultivo. Las dosis más elevadas de fertilizante originaron una disminución de la eficiencia de uso del nitrógeno, por lo que la producción podría obtenerse con unos aportes menores de nitrógeno. Se debe revisar la fertilización para contribuir a controlar y prevenir, en la medida de lo posible, la contaminación en el acuífero de La Mancha Oriental

Breeding ecology of the southern shrike (Lanius meridionalis) in an agrosystem of south-eastern Spain: The surprisingly excellent breeding success in a declining population

The southern shrike (Lanius meridionalis) is declining at the Spanish and European level. One cause of this decline could be low reproductive success due to low availability of prey in agricultural environments. To investigate this possibility we analysed the breeding ecology of a population of southern shrike in an agrosystem in Lomas de Padul (SE Spain). Our results suggestthe population is declining in this area. However, contrary to expectations, the population showed the highest reproductive success (% nests in which at least one egg produces a fledgling) reported for this species to date (83.3%), with a productivity of 4.04 fledglings per nest. Reproductive success varied throughout the years, ranging from 75% in the worst year to 92.9% in the best year. Similarly, productivity ranged from 3.25 to 5.0 fledglings per nest depending on the year. Other aspects of reproductive biology, such as clutch size, brood size, and nestling diet, were similar to those reported in other studies. Based on these results, we hypothesise that the determinant of population decline acts on the juvenile fraction, drastically reducing the recruitment rate, or affecting the dispersion of adults and recruits. Nevertheless, the exact factor or factors are unknown. This study shows that a high reproductive success does not guarantee good health status of the population.Peer Reviewe

Experience with ongrowing juvenile blackspot sea bream (Pagellus bogaraveo) born in captivity, in tanks at diferent temperatures

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Operational realization of quantum vacuum ambiguities

We provide a reinterpretation of the quantum vacuum ambiguities that one encounters when studying particle creation phenomena due to an external and time-dependent agent. We propose a measurement-motivated understanding: Each way of measuring the number of created particles selects a particular vacuum. This point of view gives a clear and physical meaning to the time evolution of the number of particles produced by the agent as the counts in a specific detector and, at the same time relates commonly used quantization prescriptions to particular measurement setups.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure

Nurr1 protein is required for N-Methyl-d-aspartic Acid (NMDA) receptor-mediated neuronal survival

NMDA receptor (NMDAR) stimulation promotes neuronal survival during brain development. Cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) need NMDAR stimulation to survive and develop. These neurons differentiate and mature during its migration from the external granular layer to the internal granular layer, and lack of excitatory inputs triggers their apoptotic death. It is possible to mimic this process in vitro by culturing CGCs in low KCl concentrations (5 mm) in the presence or absence of NMDA. Using this experimental approach, we have obtained whole genome expression profiles after 3 and 8 h of NMDA addition to identify genes involved in NMDA-mediated survival of CGCs. One of the identified genes was Nurr1, a member of the orphan nuclear receptor subfamily Nr4a. Our results report a direct regulation of Nurr1 by CREB after NMDAR stimulation. ChIP assay confirmed CREB binding to Nurr1 promoter, whereas CREB shRNA blocked NMDA-mediated increase in Nurr1 expression. Moreover, we show that Nurr1 is important for NMDAR survival effect. We show that Nurr1 binds to Bdnf promoter IV and that silencing Nurr1 by shRNA leads to a decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels and a reduction of NMDA neuroprotective effect. Also, we report that Nurr1 and BDNF show a similar expression pattern during postnatal cerebellar development. Thus, we conclude that Nurr1 is a downstream target of CREB and that it is responsible for the NMDA-mediated increase in BDNF, which is necessary for the NMDA-mediated prosurvival effect on neurons

Search of dark-matter axions in the microwave frequency range with full-wave modal techniques

Axions, originally proposed to solve the strong Charge-Parity problem of Quantum Chromo-Dynamics theory, emerge now as leading candidates of dark matter. In fact, the search of dark-matter axions in the microwave frequency range has been developed by different research groups during the last twenty years. In this demanding scenario, several microwave passive components (haloscopes) have been designed and fabricated for such axions detection based on the use of cavities and multi-cavities. From an electromagnetic point of view, comercial software (ANSFT HFSS, CST MICROWAVE STUDIO, etc ) has been employed for the design of different kind of haloscopes. In this work we propose to use the BI-RME 3D method (Boundary Integral – Resonant Mode Expansion) as an alternative to analyze the axion-photon coupling existing within an haloscope. This full-wave modal technique has provided interesting wide-band results for the design of new haloscopes

Totally Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Duct-to-Mucosa Pancreaticojejunostomy After Middle Pancreatectomy A Consecutive Nine-case Series at a Single Institution

To present the results of a series of laparoscopic middle pancreatectomies with roux-en-Y duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Middle pancreatectomy makes it possible to preserve pancreatic parenchyma in the resection of lesions that traditionally have been treated by distal splenopancreatectomy or cephalic duodenopancreatectomy. The laparoscopic approach could minimize the invasiveness of the procedure and enhance the benefits of middle pancreatectomy. METHODS: From March 2005 to October 2007, 9 consecutive patients with benign or low malignant potential lesions in the pancreatic neck or body underwent surgery. Laparoscopic middle pancreatectomy with a roux-en-Y duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy was planned on all of them. In the first 2 patients, the pancreas was transected by endostapler; in the last 7, the staple line was reinforced with absorbable polymer membrane. RESULTS: The intervention was concluded laparoscopically in every case except 1 (laparoscopic-assisted) in which pancreaticojejunostomy was performed by means of minilaparotomy. Mortality was 0% and perioperative morbidity was 33%, (fistula of the cephalic stump in the first 2 patients (22%)). The pancreaticojejunostomy fistula rate was 0%. The median postoperative hospital stay was 5 days (range, 3-41). In the last 7 patients, in which pancreas was transected with staple line reinforcement material there were no stump fistulas; morbidity decreased to 14% and the median hospital stay was 4 days (range, 3-30). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic middle pancreatectomy is feasible and safe. Duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy can be performed safely using this approach. The method of pancreatic transection seems to be decisive in the incidence of cephalic stump fistulas

HIV-reservoir size is not affected either by HCV coinfection or by direct acting antivirals (DAAs) therapy

The role of HCV on the HIV reservoir is controversial since the reduction on HIV-DNA levels after HCV eradication with IFNα/RBV treatment seems to be the result of drugs instead of HCV clearance. We assessed whether HCV eradication can decrease HIV-DNA content in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients treated with direct-acting antivirals, DAAs (IFNα/RBV-free regimens). Cell-associated HIV-DNA was measured by ddPCR in 25 HIV-monoinfected and 25 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. There were no differences in HIV-DNA levels between groups neither at baseline nor at 12 weeks after DAAs treatment completion. Our results indicate that HCV does not appear to influence the HIV reservoir size and suggest the lack of an anti-HIV action for DAAs.This work was supported by projects PI14/00518, RD16/0025/0013 integrated into the State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation from the General Sub-Directorate for research assessment and promotion, Spanish Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII) co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Maria A Navarrete-Muñoz was funded by the Spanish Directorate General for Research and Technological of the “Comunidad de Madrid” [grant: IND2018/BMD9651]. Norma Rallón is supported by the Miguel Servet program funded by the Spanish Health Institute Carlos III [grant: CPII19/00025].S