Responsabilidad extracontractual del estado en la defensa civil colombiana

El presente artículo tiene como objeto de estudio la responsabilidad civil extracontractual de la Defensa Civil Colombiana a través de lineamientos sustraídos de la casuística, para llegar a conclusiones generales, usando una metodología dogmática de la investigación jurídica. Por ello, se encuentran en el presente texto, apartes de la evolución histórica y jurídica de la Defensa Civil Colombiana determinando su forma organizacional e individualizando el nivel administrativo del nivel operativo, la naturaleza pública de la Defensa Civil Colombiana y la naturaleza privada de las organizaciones de Defensa Civil

El baloncesto profesional en la ciudad de León. Análisis del entorno, mercado y percepción = Professional basketball in the city of León. Environment, market and perception analysis.

La ciudad de León guarda una estrecha relación con el baloncesto profesional desde los años 80. A las épocas doradas del pasado, como los años 90 con el Elosúa o el ascenso a la ACB en el 2008, le han seguido años sin éxito en el plano deportivo, pero con un recuerdo muy vivo en la mente de los leoneses. Este trabajo pretende analizar ese recuerdo y el impacto que tendría tanto para la población que reside hoy en día en la ciudad como para la foránea la vuelta del baloncesto de élite a la capital leonesa. En primer lugar, la investigación trata las diferentes etapas que ha seguido el deporte desde su introducción en España a principios del siglo XX y aporta una fotografía de la situación actual en España, para poner en contexto la dimensión del mismo respecto a otras disciplinas siempre desde el punto de vista de la sostenibilidad a partir de las masas sociales de los clubes. Asimismo, a partir de una segunda parte empírica del proyecto se va a estudiar la percepción de la población acerca del baloncesto profesional en la ciudad de León y cómo responderían actualmente ante la oportunidad de vivir otra etapa similar

Bioclimatic drought and its trends in California State (U.S.)

[EN] Drought occurs naturally all over the world. Global warming has led an increase in the areas affected by this phenomenon. The study of drought involves the analysis of indicators and indices used to assess changes in the hydrological cycle of a region. A large number of indices developed for drought monitoring are based on meteorological and hydrological variables. This research has applied the Ombroxeric Index for the first time in California. It is based on the concept of ombroxericity: a condition of the territory characterised from an ombrothermic point of view, which can develop in relatively humid areas/zones, depending on the time scale of the study (i.e. monthly, seasonal or annual basis). Temperatures and precipitation from 180 meteorological stations have been considered for a period of observation from 1980 to 2016. In order to know the evolution of this index, a modified trend analysis based on the Mann-Kendall test and a modified Sen slope analysis were used. Empirical Bayesian Kriging was applied as an interpolation technique. Results are presented in both surface and contour maps. California showed a wide range of ombroxeric levels that went from upper strong dry in northern zones, to lower weak arid. Trend results showed an increase in bioclimatic drought throughout the whole State. In addition, summer showed the highest levels on the Ombroxeric Index. An increase in drought trends was observed at the seasonal level, being more pronounced in summer and spring. In both cases are increases in the central (+5 and +3.6 units year−1 respectively) and the southern (+4 and +4.5 units year−1 respectively) areas of the State. Increasing frequency and severity of droughts could have implications for the management of water resources and the survival of Californian vegetation types, such as conifers.S

Mapa conceptual global como herramienta para la visión de conjunto de un sistema operativo

Numerosas asignaturas están formadas por un temario que está totalmente interrelacionado. Al final del curso los estudiantes deberían haber adquirido los conocimientos de cada tema pero, más importante aún, deberían saber cómo interactúan los diferentes temas entre ellos para obtener una visión global de la asignatura. Sin embargo, a menudo los estudiantes se centran en los temas por separado, en parte porque no les ofrecemos herramientas que les ayuden a relacionar las distintas partes del curso. En este trabajo presentamos el uso de un Mapa Conceptual Global (MCG) de una asignatura como recurso docente que ayuda al estudiante a obtener una visión de conjunto de todo el temario. La experiencia ha sido realizada como complemento de una clase de aprendizaje activo en una asignatura de Sistemas Operativos, pero pensamos que puede ser fácilmente aplicable a otros cursos.Peer Reviewe

Bioclimatic indices trends in California (U.S.) from 1980 to 2019

Ponencia presentada en: XII Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Santiago de Compostela entre el 19 y el 21 de octubre de 2022.[ES]La Bioclimatología es una ciencia interdisciplinar que estudia las relaciones entre las condiciones climáticas y la distribución de los seres vivos y sus comunidades en el planeta (Rivas-Martínez et al., 2011). En este sentido, los valores de los parámetros e índices climáticos y bioclimáticos en lugares concretos se utilizan para la toma de decisiones. El objetivo de esta investigación es mostrar resultados actualizados de los índices bioclimáticos y a su vez señalar la importancia de conocer la evolución espacial y temporal de estos índices y cómo puede afectar a la biodiversidad de la flora de California. Para ello, a partir de los datos originales de las estaciones meteorológicas (350) este estudio se centra en las 172 finalmente seleccionadas. De cada una de ellas se calcularon los parámetros e índices bioclimáticos siguiendo a Rivas-Martínez et al. (2011). Se aplicó el método de la pendiente de Sen y el test de Mann-Kendall para estimar las tendencias y la significación estadística. Los resultados se muestran en mapas de contornos en los que se observó que en los índices ombrotérmicos (Io, Ios1, Ios2, Ios3, Ios4) se presentan marcadas tendencias negativas en el sur y centro de California de -3 mm/año, a -0,028 unidades/año, -0,02 unidades/año, -0,025 unidades/año, -0,03 unidades/año, respectivamente. Las temperaturas positivas en el desierto de Mojave y sus alrededores son las que muestran los mayores incrementos con una tendencia de +6 unidades/año.[EN]Bioclimatology is an interdisciplinary science that studies the relationships between climate conditions and the distribution of living beings and their communities on the Globe (Rivas-Martínez et al., 2011). In this regard, values of climate and bioclimate parameters and indices in specifically locations are used for decision making. The aim of this research is to show updated results of the bioclimatic indices and to point out the importance of knowing the spatial and temporal evolution of these indices and how it can affect the biodiversity of the flora of California. To achieve this, from the original meteorological station data (350) this study is focused on the 172 finally selected. From each one of them, bioclimatic parameters and indices were calculated according Rivas-Martínez et al. (2011). It was applied Sen´s slope method and Mann-Kendall test to estimate trends and the statistical significance. Results are shown in contour maps in which the ombrothermic indices (Io, Ios1, Ios2, Ios3, Ios4) marked negative trends are shown in southern and central of California from -3 units/year, to -0.028 units/year, -0.02 units/year, -0.025 units/year, -0.03 units/year, respectively. Positive temperature has shown the highest increases in Mojave Desert and surrounding areas with a trend of +6 units/year

Erosive wear resistance regarding different destabilization heat treatments of austenite in high chromium white cast iron, alloyed with mo

With the aim of improving erosive wear resistance in hypoeutectic white cast irons with 18% Cr and 2% Mo, several samples of this grade were subjected to different heat treatments at 1000 °C to destabilize the austenite. The dwell times at this temperature varied from 4 to 24 h and the samples were cooled in air or oil. The existing phases were identified and quantified by applying the Rietveld structural refinement method. The results were correlated with the hardness of the material and with the microhardness of the matrix constituent. The greatest resistance to erosive wear was achieved in those samples that had a higher percentage of secondary carbides. The longer the dwell time at the destabilization temperature of austenite, the greater the amount of precipitated secondary carbides. However, the percentage of dissolved eutectic carbides is also higher. These eutectic carbides were formed as a result of non-equilibrium solidification. Low cooling rates (in still air) can offset this solution of eutectic carbides via the additional precipitation of secondary carbides in the 600−400 °C temperature range. A sharp decrease is observed in the percentage of retained austenite in those treatments with dwell times at 1000 °C equal to or greater than 12 h, reaching minimum values of around 2% volume. The percentage of retained austenite was always lower after oil quenching and the hardness of oil quenched samples was observed to be greater than those quenched in air. In these samples, the maximum hardness value obtained was 993 HV after a 12 h dwell, which result from the optimum balance between the percentages of retained austenite and of precipitated carbides

Single-Board-Computer Clusters for Cloudlet Computing in Internet of Things

The number of connected sensors and devices is expected to increase to billions in the near future. However, centralised cloud-computing data centres present various challenges to meet the requirements inherent to Internet of Things (IoT) workloads, such as low latency, high throughput and bandwidth constraints. Edge computing is becoming the standard computing paradigm for latency-sensitive real-time IoT workloads, since it addresses the aforementioned limitations related to centralised cloud-computing models. Such a paradigm relies on bringing computation close to the source of data, which presents serious operational challenges for large-scale cloud-computing providers. In this work, we present an architecture composed of low-cost Single-Board-Computer clusters near to data sources, and centralised cloud-computing data centres. The proposed cost-efficient model may be employed as an alternative to fog computing to meet real-time IoT workload requirements while keeping scalability. We include an extensive empirical analysis to assess the suitability of single-board-computer clusters as cost-effective edge-computing micro data centres. Additionally, we compare the proposed architecture with traditional cloudlet and cloud architectures, and evaluate them through extensive simulation. We finally show that acquisition costs can be drastically reduced while keeping performance levels in data-intensive IoT use cases.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TIN2017-82113-C2-1-RMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad RTI2018-098062-A-I00European Union’s Horizon 2020 No. 754489Science Foundation Ireland grant 13/RC/209

Model for glucagon secretion by pancreatic α-cells

Glucagon hormone is synthesized and released by pancreatic α-cells, one of the islet-cell types. This hormone, along with insulin, maintains blood glucose levels within the physiological range. Glucose stimulates glucagon release at low concentrations (hypoglycemia). However, the mechanisms involved in this secretion are still not completely clear. Here, using experimental calcium time series obtained in mouse pancreatic islets at low and high glucose conditions, we propose a glucagon secretion model for α-cells. Our model takes into account that the resupply of releasable granules is not only controlled by cytoplasmic Ca²+, as in other neuroendocrine and endocrine cells, but also by the level of extracellular glucose. We found that, although calcium oscillations are highly variable, the average secretion rates predicted by the model fall into the range of values reported in the literature, for both stimulated and non-stimulated conditions. For low glucose levels, the model predicts that there would be a well-controlled number of releasable granules refilled slowly from a large reserve pool, probably to ensure a secretion rate that could last for several minutes. Studying the α-cell response to the addition of insulin at low glucose, we observe that the presence of insulin reduces glucagon release by decreasing the islet Ca²+ level. This observation is in line with previous work reporting that Ca²+ dynamics, mainly frequency, is altered by insulin. Thus, the present results emphasize the main role played by Ca²+ and glucose in the control of glucagon secretion by α-cells. Our modeling approach also shows that calcium oscillations potentiate glucagon secretion as compared to constant levels of this cellular messenger. Altogether, the model sheds new light on the subcellular mechanisms involved in α-cell exocytosis, and provides a quantitative predictive tool for studying glucagon secretion modulators in physiological and pathological conditions.This work was supported by i-MATH Future Platform, Project Number C3-0136 (www.i-math.org), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spanish Government, Project BFU2010-21773 (www.micinn.es), CONACyT-Mexico, PhD scholarship number 67287 (www.conacyt.mx), ESF FUNCDYN Programme, Exchange Grants EX/2337 and EX/3617 (www.esf.org), and Fonds National de la Recherche Médicale, grant 3.4636.04 (www2.frs.fnrs.be). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

The CICA GRID: A Cloud Computing Infrastructure on Demand with Open Source Technologies

A new approach technology to enable the expansion and replication of resources on demand is presented in this paper. This approach is called CICA GRID and it provides service to research community in the Scientific Computer Centre of Andalusia (CICA). This approach is an alternative solution to the initial cost involved in building an own data center by public organizations for researches. This solution quickly provides resources with a minimal technical staff effort. Also, an architecture and user interface example called ReCarta was presented. This system supplies a private Cloud Computing system for non-technical end-users.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TIN2009-14378-C02-01 (ARTEMISA)Junta de Andalucía TIC-8052 (Simon