Evaluation of organic matter stability during the composting process of agroindustrial wastes.

Composting of wastes from citrus industrial processing (pastazzo and sludge) was studied in order to evaluate the evolution of organic matter during the process and to individuate chemical and/or biochemical techniques able to set the stability of the final product. Composts from two open-air piles of different composition were sampled every month during the whole period of composting (5 months) and the organic matter of each sample was characterised by chemical and biochemical techniques. Humification rate (HR%) and humification index (HI) were determined. Extracted organic matter of six samples collected for each compost was investigated by isoelectric-focusing technique (IEF). The biochemical analysis was based on the study of C-mineralisation after the addition of each collected sample to soil. Results obtained clearly demonstrated organic matter evolution during composting processes. Humification rates increased and humification indexes decreased over time, while extracted organic matter showed electrophoretic behaviour typical of stabilised organic compounds. Moreover, mineralisation patterns confirmed the increased level of organic matter stability during the composting process

PARTICLEBOARDS OF AGROINDUSTRIAL WASTES

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver pain\ue9is de part\uedculas aglomeradas de baixa densidade com casca de amendoim, fibra da casca do coco-verde (h\uedbrido) e resina poliuretana bicomponente \ue0 base de \uf3leo de mamona. Os pain\ue9is experimentais foram fabricados com part\uedculas de at\ue9 8 mm de comprimento e 15% de resina poliuretana. A prensagem foi realizada a 5,0 MPa, por 10 minutos, a uma temperatura de 100\ub0C. Foram determinadas as propriedades f\uedsico-mec\ue2nicas do material, seguindo as recomenda\ue7\uf5es da norma ABNT 14810:2006. Os resultados demonstraram que o desempenho mec\ue2nico que atende \ue0s recomenda\ue7\uf5es estabelecidas pela normativa ANSI A208.1-1999 e ABNT 14.810-2:2006.The present study aimed to develop particleboards of low density with peanut shell, coconut husk fiber green (hybrid) and two-component polyurethane resin based on castor oil. The experimental panels were manufactured with particles up to 8mm and 15% polyurethane resin. The pressing was carried out at 5.0 MPa for 10 minutes at 100\ub0C of temperature. The physical-mechanical properties of the material were determined as recommended by ABNT 14810:2006. The results demonstrated a mechanical performance that meets the recommendations established by normative ANSI A208.1-1999 and ABNT 14.810-2:2006

Management of Agroindustrial Lignocellulosic Wastes through Vermitechnology and Production of Agronomic Valid Vermicompost

We aimed to recycle the agroindustrial waste resources- pressmud(PM), sugarcane trash (ST) and biomethanated distillery effluent(BE) and produced agronomic valid vermicompost using earthworm, Perionyx excavatus for maintaining natural soil organic and sustainable agricultural activity. Therefore, a series of studies were carried out to convert PM-ST-BE in different proportion vermibeds (T1-1000g PM+0g ST+790ml BE), (T2- 900g PM+100g ST+740ml BE), (T3-800g PM+200g ST+696ml BE), (T4-700g PM +300g ST+655ml BE), (T5-600g PM+400g ST+625ml BE) and (T6-500g PM+500g ST+542ml BE) into vermicompost. The study was to examine the activity of earthworm- growth, reproduction, vermicompost recovery and its nutrient status. The pronounced and better worm activity was found in all vermibeds, especially more in T1 and T3 vermibeds followed by others. This seems to be due to rich cellulose, OC, N, P, microbial activity, enhanced water holding capacity and palatability of the substrates. Enhanced microbial activity, humic acid content, NPK, normalized pH, declined OC, C-N, and C-P ratio, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and phenol in vermicompost than normal compost and control. The increased microbial-enzymatic activities contribute an increase in nutrients through nitrification, phosphate solubilization and mineralization. Reduction of OC, C-N, C-P ratio, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and phenol in the vermicompost are due to combined action of gut microflaura and earthworm during the vermicomposting process and utilization of these contents by the worm for their growth and reproduction. Finally, our study recommended for the production and application of vermifertilizer from lignocellulosic wastes using vermitechnology for sustainable activity

Novel fish feed supplements: giving value to agroindustrial wastes

Sustainable aquaculture requires the reduction of fish meal use in diets, by replacing it with ecofriendly ingredients, as that vegetal feedstuff not desirable for human consumption. However, these pose challenges due to the presence of antinutritional factors. The supplementation with some supplements, like exoenzymes and antioxidants, has shown potential to reduce their nutritional drawbacks. The solid-state fermentation (SSF) of agro-industrial wastes may be used to obtain such compounds. The goal of this work was to test the applicability of an SSF-extract, obtained through the SSF of an optimized mixture of three agro-industrial wastes with Aspergilus ibericus (30% EGM, 36% VTS, 34% EOP), determined previously with a simplex-centroid mixture design. The activity of this extract was measured to be xylanase: 1866.9 U/g (lyophilized extract); cellulose: 1563.6 U/g; β-glucosidase: 736.455 U/g, and total antioxidants: 439.4 μmol Trolox equivalents/g lyophilized extract; total phenols: 28.1 mg caffeic acid equivalents/g lyophilized extract. The efficiency of this extract as a feed additive in plant-based diets evaluated by an in vitro digestibility trial, analyzing its efficiency to improve the release of pentoses and antioxidants during digestion. The extract was used to supplement diets for Dicentrarchus labrax, with increasing levels of extract: 0, 4 and 8 U cellulase/g diet. Dietary supplementation with the extract led to the increase of pentose release, during alkaline digestion. The effect of the supplementation with the SSF extract on the release of antioxidants and phenols compounds are being evaluated and will be presented.Project SPO3 (ref. POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030377; FEDER-Operational Programme Competitiveness and Internationalization and FCT); project InovFeed (ref. MAR-02.01.01-FEAMP0111; Programa Operacional Mar2020); BioTecNorte (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004; ERDF under the scope of Norte2020-Programa Operacional Regional do Norte)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Influence of additives in the transesterification of crude coconut oil catalyzed by Burkholderia cepacia lipase immobilized onto agro-industrial waste fibers / Influência de aditivos na transesterificação de óleo de coco bruto catalisado por lipase de Burkholderia cepacia imobilizada em fibras de resíduo agroindustrial

In this study was verified the influence of different additives in the transesterification reaction of the crude coconut oil catalyzed with lipase from Burkholderia cepacia  immobilized by physical adsorption onto palm fiber originated from agroindustrial wastes. Reactions was performed under the conditions: molar ratio 1:7 (oil:alcohol), 10 % biocatalyst immobilized for 96 h at 40 °C in the presence in different concentrations of additives (water, tert-butanol, molecular sieve and protic ionic liquids). The results showed that the use of all the additives in this study did not increase conversion to ethyl esters. The maximum conversion in the absence of the additives was 72 %, in the presence of water 45 ± 2 %, molecular sieve 53 ± 2 % and tert -butanol 59 ± 2 %, respectively, all in the lowest concentrations. For ionic liquids, those with higher alkyl chains had the highest conversions, but lower than in their absence

Production of Xylanase by Recombinant Bacillus subtilis DB104 Cultivated in Agroindustrial Waste Medium

AbstractA recombinant Bacillus subtilis DB104 strain harbouring recombinant plasmid pSKE194 containing an Open Reading Frame (ORF) of endoxylanase and its indigenous promoter from the wild-type B. subtilis AQ1 strain was constructed. This recombinant B. subtilis DB104 strain had higher endoxylanase activity than the nonrecombinant B. subtilis DB104 strain in standard media, such as Luria Bertani (LB) and LB with xylan. The agroindustrial wastes corncobs and tofu liquid waste were chosen as cost-effective carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, to test the economics of xylanase production using the recombinant B. subtilis DB104 at a larger scale. Submerged fermentation using a 4.5 L working volume fermentor with tofu liquid waste and 4% corncobs produced maximum xylanase activity of 1296 ± 1.2 U/mg (601.7 ± 0.6 U/mL) after 48-hour fermentation at 37°C with 150 rpm agitation; this is more than twofold higher than the activity produced in an Erlenmeyer flask. This is the first report of high xylanase activity produced from recombinant B. subtilis using inexpensive medium. During fermentation, the xylanase degrades corncobs into xylooligosaccharides, showing its potential as an enzyme feed additive or in xylooligosaccharide production

OPTIMIZATION OF LIPASE PRODUCTION FROM DIFFERENT AGROINDUSTRIAL WASTES BY MARINE ACTINOMYCETES

Objective: To identify the production of extracellular lipase by solid state fermentation (SSF) using coconut cake and groundnut cake using thermophilic strain of marine actinomycetes. Methods: From the isolated strains of marine actinomycetes a comparative study has been evaluated on different intends such as pH, temperature, carbon sources, nitrogen sources and additive sources were optimized for maximum yield. Results: Five different pH was used from 5 to 9 and on the other hand 3 different temperatures were maintained, sucrose, fructose and dextrose were used as carbon sources while urea, peptone and Ammonium nitrate was used as nitrogen sources similarly Tween 20 was used as additive sources. On comparing coconut oil cake and groundnut oil cake for all these different intends, there was maximum extracellular lipase specific activity was obtained in groundnut oil cake

Chemical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Methods to Assess Biodegradation of Winery-Distillery Wastes during Composting

The objective of this work was to study the co-composting process of wastes from the winery and distillery industry with animal manures, using the classical chemical methods traditionally used in composting studies together with advanced instrumental methods (thermal analysis, FT-IR and CPMAS 13C NMR techniques), to evaluate the development of the process and the quality of the end-products obtained. For this, three piles were elaborated by the turning composting system, using as raw materials winery-distillery wastes (grape marc and exhausted grape marc) and animal manures (cattle manure and poultry manure). The classical analytical methods showed a suitable development of the process in all the piles, but these techniques were ineffective to study the humification process during the composting of this type of materials. However, their combination with the advanced instrumental techniques clearly provided more information regarding the turnover of the organic matter pools during the composting process of these materials. Thermal analysis allowed to estimate the degradability of the remaining material and to assess qualitatively the rate of OM stabilization and recalcitrant C in the compost samples, based on the energy required to achieve the same mass losses. FT-IR spectra mainly showed variations between piles and time of sampling in the bands associated to complex organic compounds (mainly at 1420 and 1540 cm-1) and to nitrate and inorganic components (at 875 and 1384 cm-1, respectively), indicating composted material stability and maturity; while CPMAS 13C NMR provided semi-quantitatively partition of C compounds and structures during the process, being especially interesting their variation to evaluate the biotransformation of each C pool, especially in the comparison of recalcitrant C vs labile C pools, such as Alkyl /O-Alkyl ratio.This work was supported by a contract to MABM, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (I+D+i) 2008-2011), co-funded by the EU through the Social Funds (contract reference PTQ-12-05655)

Fungal home-made enzymatic cocktails for apple juice clarification

Sugarcane bagasse and cassava bagasse are lignocellulosic industrialresidues that can be used as cheap substrates for organisms? growth. Theselignocellulosic residues are also suitable for inducing enzyme secretion thatcan be applied in different bioprocesses such as juices clarification. The goalof our work was to use Aspergillus niger LBM 134 to produce xylanases,characterize them and employ these enzymes in the clarification of applejuice and pulp. A. niger LBM 134 was isolated from a natural environmentand grown on sugarcane bagasse and cassava bagasse. The highestendoxylanase and β-xylosidase activity were 144 ± 5,65 and 0,74 ± 0,05 UmL-1, respectively (p<0.05). The optimum activity and high stability atacidic pH values make these enzymes suitable for biotechnologicalapplications in juice industries. The enzymatic cocktails produced by thefungus grown on cassava bagasse reached the major clarification of applejuice (36,66 ± 4,01%) and pulp (60,15 ± 5,63%) (p<0.05). Theseclarification percentages were due to the hydrolysis of hemicellulosicmaterial carried out by the xylanases from A. niger LBM 134.Fil: Díaz, Gabriela Verónica. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Coniglio, Romina Olga. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Bordaquievich, Mayra Florencia. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Zapata, Pedro Dario. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Villalba, L. L.. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Fonseca, Maria Isabel. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentin