Speech Rate and Vowel Quality Effects on Vowel-related Word-initial Irregular Phonation in Hungarian

We examined utterance-initial irregular phonation as a function of vowel quality (vowel height and backness), and speech rate in Hungarian. In the analysis we distinguished two types of irregular phonation: glottalization and glottal stop. In Experiment 1, all nine Hungarian vowel qualities were analysed in pseudo words, with respect to the extent they facilitate the occurrence of irregular phonation as a function of their (i) vowel height (three levels: close, mid, open), (ii) backness using two levels in the first run (front vs. back) and three levels in the second run (front vs. central vs. back), and (iii) speech rate. In Experiment 2, four vowel qualities were analysed in real Hungarian words with respect to all the above factors (but in this analysis, only two categories were distinguished in the backness dimension). With respect to vowel height, we found that open vowels elicited more irregular phonation than mid and close vowels in both experiments. With respect to backness, in the twofold comparison (front vs. back) we found no effect in either of the experiments, while in the threefold comparison (front vs. central vs. back) we found that back vowels showed a higher ratio of irregular phonation than central and front ones in Experiment 1. The frequency of occurrence of irregular phonation was higher in fast than in slow speech in Experiment 1, and it was lower in Experiment 2 (in the latter, the confounding effect of the hiatus position was eliminated which was probably present in Experiment 1). The relative frequency of glottalization did not show an increase as a function of increased speech rate as claimed by earlier studies

Word-initial Glottal Marking in Hungarian as a Function of Articulation Rate and Word Class

The present study’s aim was to analyse the glottal marking of word-initial vowels in two speech styles, reading aloud and spontaneous speech, based on 12 speakers’ Hungarian speech. In earlier studies of other languages (English, German and Polish), it was suggested that among several other factors, speech style, speech rate, vowel quality and word type had an effect on the glottal marking of word-initial vowels. In the Hungarian corpus analysed, speakers produced glottal marking significantly less frequently in spontaneous speech than in reading aloud. Both slower articulatory rate in the “carrier” pause-to-pause interval, and longer vowel duration went hand in hand with glottal marking. All the features of vowel quality were analysed, but only vowel height was found to play some minor role in glottal marking, while backness and rounding did not at all. In reading aloud, low and mid vowels were less frequently glottalized than high ones, while in spontaneous speech, high vowels were less frequently glottally marked than the other ones. The factor of vowel height played a significant role only in this latter speech style. Slower articulation proved to enhance the possibility of glottal marking in word-initial vowels in our study as well, in accordance with our hypothesis. With respect to word type (content vs. function words), our data imply that lexical prominence does not have an effect on the glottal marking of word-initial vowels in Hungarian. Alternatively, it can be supposed that phrase-initial position has a prevalent effect which overrides the effect of word type

Challenges in analysis and processing of spontaneous speech

Selected and peer-reviewed papers of the workshop entitled Challenges in Analysis and Processing of Spontaneous Speech (Budapest, 2017

Prosodic description: An introduction for fieldworkers

This article provides an introductory tutorial on prosodic features such as tone and accent for researchers working on little-known languages. It specifically addresses the needs of non-specialists and thus does not presuppose knowledge of the phonetics and phonology of prosodic features. Instead, it intends to introduce the uninitiated reader to a field often shied away from because of its (in part real, but in part also just imagined) complexities. It consists of a concise overview of the basic phonetic phenomena (section 2) and the major categories and problems of their functional and phonological analysis (sections 3 and 4). Section 5 gives practical advice for documenting and analyzing prosodic features in the field.National Foreign Language Resource Cente

Models and Analysis of Vocal Emissions for Biomedical Applications

The MAVEBA Workshop proceedings, held on a biannual basis, collect the scientific papers presented both as oral and poster contributions, during the conference. The main subjects are: development of theoretical and mechanical models as an aid to the study of main phonatory dysfunctions, as well as the biomedical engineering methods for the analysis of voice signals and images, as a support to clinical diagnosis and classification of vocal pathologies

보통 체코어 방언의 자음 삽입

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 언어학과, 2017. 2. 전종호.보통 체코어 방언의 자음 삽입 체코어에는 반모음 삽입, 성문 파열음 삽입 및 [v] 삽입의 세 가지 자음 삽입이 나타난다. 이 논문은 보통 체코어 방언의 자음 삽입 패턴에 대한 실제적인 자료를 제공하며, 자음 삽입과 관련된 표면형 변이를 설명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 또한 이 논문은 보통 체코어 방언의 자음 삽입에 대한 향후 음운론적 분석의 방향을 제안한다. 먼저, 반모음 삽입은 형태소 내부의 고모음인 [ɪ]를 포함하고 있는 모음충돌 환경에서 발생한다. 삽입된 반모음 [j]는 고모음 [ɪ] 뒤 (/ɪdɪot/ 멍청이 → [ɪ.dɪ.jot]), 혹은 고모음 [ɪ] 앞에 나타난다 (/ɦɪnduɪsta/ 힌두교 신자 → [ɦɪn.du.jɪs.ta]). 체코어의 반모음 삽입은 일반적으로 필수적인 음운론적 현상으로 알려져 있으나, 이에 대한 검증은 본 연구에서는 다루지 않는다. 성문 파열음 삽입은 모음으로 시작하는 형태소 및 단어 첫자리에 나타난다. 체코어의 성문 파열음 삽입은 일반적으로 수의적이며, 따라서 성문 파열음과 관련된 표면형 변이가 나타나게 된다 (/ɪdɪot/ 멍청이 → [ɪ.dɪ.jot] ~ [ʔɪ.dɪ.jot]). 삽입된 성문 파열음은 역행 무성동화 현상을 일으켜, 선행하는 유성 폐쇄음을 무성 폐쇄음으로 변하게 한다 ([pod # ʔɪdɪjotɛm] 멍청이 밑에 → [pot # ʔɪdɪjotɛm]). 또한, 표면형에 성문 파열음이 나타나지 않음에도 불구하고, 선행 유성 폐쇄음이 무성으로 실현될 수도 있다 (/pod # ɪdɪotɛm/ 멍청이 밑에 → [po.t # ɪ.dɪ.jo.tɛm]). 따라서, 보통 체코어 방언에서는 표면형에 성문 파열음의 존재여부에 관계 없이 모음으로 시작하는 단어가 후행하면, 유성 폐쇄음이 항상 무성으로 실현된다 (/pod # ɪdɪotɛm/ 멍청이 밑에 → [pot. # ʔɪ.dɪ.jo.tɛm] ~ [po.t # ɪ.dɪ.jo.tɛm]). 그러므로 *[ po.d # ɪ.dɪ.jo.tɛm]과 같은 표면형이 보통 체코어 방언에서 나타나지 않는다. 반면에, 모음으로 시작하는 형태소가 후행하는 경우, 유성 폐쇄음이 유성으로 나타날 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 환경에서 세 가지의 표면형의 변이가 나타날 수 있다: 성문 파열음이 표면형에 나타날 경우, 선행하는 유성 폐쇄음은 무성으로 실현된다. 성문 파열음이 표면형에 나타나지 않을 경우, 모음으로 시작하는 형태소에 선행하는 유성 폐쇄음은 유성이나 무성으로 나타날 수 있다 (/z-ɪnɪcɪovat/ 착수시키다 → [s-ʔɪ.nɪ.cɪ.jo.vat] ~ [s-ɪ.nɪ.cɪ.jo.vat] ~ [z-ɪ.nɪ.cɪ.jo.vat]). 이러한 비대칭을 설명하기 위해서 이 연구는 다음과 같은 설명을 제공한다. 보통 체코어 방언에서 성문 파열음 삽입 과정은 단어 경계 환경에서 필수적이며, 형태소 경계 환경에서는 선택적인 과정이라는 것이다. 또한 [po.t # ɪ.dɪ.jo.tɛm], [s-ɪ.nɪ.cɪ.jo.vat]과 같은 표면형들은 삽입된 성문 파열음 삭제 과정의 결과로 분석한다. 본 논문에서 수행된 양적 연구 결과에 따르면 모음으로 시작하는 단어 첫자리에 성문 파열음이 출현하는지의 여부는 운율 요인 및 발화 속도에 상당한 영향을 받는다. [v] 삽입은 [o]로 시작하는 형태소 및 단어 첫자리에 나타난다. [v] 삽입과 성문 파열음 삽입 과정은 기존 연구에서 별개 현상으로 논의되었으나, 사실 [v] 삽입과 성문 파열음 삽입 과정은 둘 다 같은 음운론적 상황에서 적용된다 (/pod # oknɛm/ 창문 밑에 → [pot. # ʔok.nɛm] ~ [po.t # ok.nɛm] ~ [pod. # vok.nɛm]). 따라서, 이 연구는 이 두 현상이 서로 경쟁 관계에 있다고 분석한다. 본 논문의 양적 연구 결과에 따르면, 삽입된 [v]가 표면형에 실현되는지의 여부는 형태적 환경, 빈도, 어원과 같은 다양한 언어학적 요인에 영향을 받는다. 기존의 음운론적 분석으로는 본 연구에서 발견하고 분석한 체코어 방언의 변이 자료를 설명할 수 없다. 기존 분석에 따르면 체코어의 자음 삽입의 가장 주요한 동기는 ONSET 제약이다. 본 연구는 그러한 주장에서 벗어나, 아직 잠정적이지만, 새로운 분석을 제안한다. 즉, 보통 체코어에서 모음으로 시작하는 모든 단어의 표면형은 자음으로 시작해야 한다는 것이다. 본 연구는 보통 체코어 방언의 자음 삽입에 대한 자세한 자료를 제공하며 자음 삽입과 관련된 표면형의 변이를 분석한다. 또한 본 논문은 보통 체코어 방언의 자음 삽입에 대한 향후 성공적인 음운론적 분석의 바탕이 될 수 있는 잠정적인 분석도 제시하고 있다. 주요어: 자음 삽입, 성문음화, 성문 파열음 삽입, 반음 삽입, 삽입된 [v], 최적성 이론, 보통 체코어 방언 학번: 2011-24257Consonant insertions in Common Czech Three types of consonant insertions are observed in Common Czechglide insertion, glottal stop insertion and [v] insertion. The goal of this paper is to provide a detailed data description of consonant insertion patterns in Common Czech, to account for any surface variation linked to these insertions and to propose a direction for future comprehensive phonological analysis of consonant insertions in Common Czech. Glide insertion occurs morpheme-internally in the context of vowel hiatus involving a high vowel [ɪ]. Inserted glide [j] may follow the high vowel [ɪ] (/ɪdɪot/ idiot → [ɪ.dɪ.jot]) or precede the high vowel [ɪ] (/ɦɪnduɪsta/ hinduist → [ɦɪn.du.jɪs.ta]). Glide insertion in Czech is generally assumed to be an obligatory phonological process, which is a claim that is not challenged in this paper. Glottal stop insertion occurs at the beginning of vowel-initial morphemes and words. Czech glottal stop insertion is commonly assumed to be an optional process. This optionality results in surface variation (/ɪdɪot/ idiot → [ɪ.dɪ.jot] ~ [ʔɪ.dɪ.jot]). In accordance with a phenomenon of regressive voicing assimilation, inserted glottal stops have a devoicing effect on preceding voiced obstruents ([pod # ʔɪdɪjotɛm] under the idiot → [pot # ʔɪdɪjotɛm]). When followed by a vowel-initial morpheme or word, an underlyingly voiced obstruent can surface as voiceless even when glottal stop is absent from the surface form (/pod # ɪdɪotɛm/ under the idiot → [po.t # ɪ.dɪ.jo.tɛm]). In Common Czech, an underlyingly voiced obstruent always surfaces as voiceless when it is followed by a vowel-initial word, irrespective of the presence or absence of glottal stop on the surface form (/pod # ɪdɪotɛm/ under the idiot → [pot. # ʔɪ.dɪ.jo.tɛm] ~ [po.t # ɪ.dɪ.jo.tɛm]). Forms such as *[po.d # ɪ.dɪ.jo.tɛm] are never uttered in Common Czech. On the other hand, an underlyingly voiced obstruent can surface as voiced when it is followed by a vowel-initial morpheme in Common Czech. Therefore a three-way variation is observed on Common Czech surface forms in these types of environments. If glottal stop is present, the preceding voiced obstruent surfaces as voiceless. If glottal stop is not present, the preceding voiced obstruent can surface both as voiceless and voiced (/z-ɪnɪcɪovat/ to initiate, perf. → [s-ʔɪ.nɪ.cɪ.jo.vat] ~ [s-ɪ.nɪ.cɪ.jo.vat] ~ [z-ɪ.nɪ.cɪ.jo.vat]). I explain this asymmetry by arguing that glottal stop insertion is obligatory on word boundaries and optional on morpheme boundaries. Surface forms such as [po.t # ɪ.dɪ.jo.tɛm] and [s-ɪ.nɪ.cɪ.jo.vat] are analyzed as results of a glottal stop deletion process. According to a quantitative study conducted in this research, the presence and absence of glottal stops in word-initial environments in Common Czech is significantly influenced by prosodic factors and speech rate. [v] insertion occurs at the beginning of [o]-initial morphemes and words in Common Czech. Glottal stop insertion and [v] insertion have been discussed separately in existing literaturehowever, they both apply in the identical environments of [o]-initial morphemes and words (/pod # oknɛm/ under window → [pot. # ʔok.nɛm] ~ [po.t # ok.nɛm] ~ [pod. # vok.nɛm]). Therefore, they are analyzed as two competing processes in this paper. The results of a quantitative analysis show that the presence of prothetic [v] on Common Czech surface forms is significantly affected by numerous linguistic factors such as morphological environment, word frequency and word origin. Existing phonological analyses cannot successfully account for the surface variation of the Common Czech data presented in this paper. It is argued here that the existing assumption of the constraint ONSET being the main motivator for Czech consonant insertions should be dismissed and a new, though tentative, analysis is proposed. Present analysis is based on the idea that vowel-initial words should begin with a consonant in Common Czech. This paper provides a comprehensive data description of Common Czech consonant insertions and accounts for the surface variation observed in Common Czech. It proposes a future direction for further research and is hoped to become a valuable resource for a successful phonological analysis of Common Czech consonant insertions in the future. Keywords: Consonant insertions, glottalization, glottal stop insertion, glide insertion, prothetic [v], derivational OT, Common Czech Student number: 2011-242571.Introduction 1 2.Data description 4 2.1.Varieties of the Czech language 4 2.2.Common Czech 5 2.3.Glide insertion 7 2.4.Glottal stop insertion 10 2.5.[v] insertion 17 2.6.Summary and discussion 20 3.Previous research related to glottal stop insertion 22 3.1.Glottalization 22 3.2.Glottal stop insertion versus glottalization 26 3.3.Factors influencing prevocalic glottalization 27 3.3.1.Segmental factors 28 3.3.2.Target word frequency and type 29 3.3.3.Speech rate 30 3.3.4.Prosody 30 4.Glottalization in spoken Common Czech corpus 31 4.1.Material 31 4.2.Procedure 32 4.2.1.Marking of prosodic boundaries 32 4.2.2.Marking of speech rate 38 4.2.3.Marking of word frequency 39 4.3.Results 40 4.3.1.Segmental context 45 4.3.2.Target word type 48 4.3.3.Target word frequency 48 4.3.4.Speech rate 49 4.3.5.Prosodic boundary 50 4.3.6.Mixed effect logistic regression model 52 4.4.Summary and discussion 55 5.[v] insertion in Common Czech 56 5.1.Previous research on [v] insertion 56 5.2.[v] insertion rates in spoken Common Czech corpus 58 5.3.Summary and discussion 61 6.Phonological analysis of Czech consonant insertions 63 6.1.Previous research (Rubach 2000) 63 6.2.Zaleskas (2008) parallel model 74 6.3.Discussion 76 6.4.Future OT analysis basic proposals 78 7.Conclusion 84 References 86 국문초록 93Maste

Consonantal voicing effects on vowel duration in Italian-English bilinguals

This project reported in this dissertation analyzes phonetic details of the speech patterns in one of New York\u27s bilingual communities, asking whether a bilingual speaker can attain native-like proficiency in both languages and the extent to which authenticity — maintenance of language-specific settings — is sustainable. Researchers have established that Italian and English differ strikingly in their characteristic time settings for vowel durations: durations are greater for vowels preceding voiced consonants, e.g., cab, rather than voiceless, e.g., cap. This duration difference, termed the consonantal voicing effect (CVE), is notably greater for English than for Italian. The greater magnitude of the CVE found with English is considered to be a phonological enhancement of a basic phonetic process. Utilizing a speech production task, the study reported compares the performance of Italian-born bilinguals for whom English was acquired in adulthood, as a second language, with that of U.S.-born speakers who experienced simultaneous acquisition of their languages (albeit in an English-dominant setting). In separate sessions for each language, speakers produced utterances in which the target word, situated inside a carrier phrase, contrasted in [voice] value for the post-vocalic consonant, e.g., Say the word « ___ » to me. Stimuli were familiar words selected to sample the vowel inventories for each language and for which the voicing contrast was realized through the inventory of stops common to both languages. Analyses revealed no evidence of influence of the second language on the CVE for the first language for either group, despite an extended immersion period in an English-language environment for the foreign-born speakers and simultaneous exposure to both languages from birth for the U.S.-born speakers. But crucially, there was evidence of an influence of the first language in the timing settings found for the CVE in the second language, for both speaker groups: the foreign-born speakers managed to increase the magnitude of the CVE-English but failed to fully implement the phonological mechanism consistent with larger CVE values for that language; and the U.S.-born speakers managed to reduce the magnitude of the CVE-Italian but failed to fully suppress that same mechanism. Results are discussed in relation to language-specific timing patterns and the extent to which a dominant language may influence production in the non-dominant language

Models and Analysis of Vocal Emissions for Biomedical Applications

The International Workshop on Models and Analysis of Vocal Emissions for Biomedical Applications (MAVEBA) came into being in 1999 from the particularly felt need of sharing know-how, objectives and results between areas that until then seemed quite distinct such as bioengineering, medicine and singing. MAVEBA deals with all aspects concerning the study of the human voice with applications ranging from the newborn to the adult and elderly. Over the years the initial issues have grown and spread also in other fields of research such as occupational voice disorders, neurology, rehabilitation, image and video analysis. MAVEBA takes place every two years in Firenze, Italy. This edition celebrates twenty-two years of uninterrupted and successful research in the field of voice analysis