State-of-the-art in studies of glacial isostatic adjustment for the British Isles: a literature review

Understanding the effects of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) of the British Isles is essential for the assessment of past and future sea-level trends. GIA has been extensively examined in the literature, employing different research methods and observational data types. Geological evidence from palaeo-shorelines and undisturbed sedimentary deposits has been used to reconstruct long-term relative sea-level change since the Last Glacial Maximum. This information derived from sea-level index points has been employed to inform empirical isobase models of the uplift in Scotland using trend surface and Gaussian trend surface analysis, as well as to calibrate more theory-driven GIA models that rely on Earth mantle rheology and ice sheet history. Furthermore, current short-term rates of GIA-induced crustal motion during the past few decades have been measured using different geodetic techniques, mainly continuous GPS (CGPS) and absolute gravimetry (AG). AG-measurements are generally employed to increase the accuracy of the CGPS estimates. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) looks promising as a relatively new technique to measure crustal uplift in the northern parts of Great Britain, where the GIA-induced vertical land deformation has its highest rate. This literature review provides an in-depth comparison and discussion of the development of these different research approaches

Development of a software tool for the evaluation of the shading factor under complex boundary conditions

12th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Associatio

Middle Convolution and Harnad Duality

We interpret the additive middle convolution operation in terms of the Harnad duality, and as an application, generalize the operation to have a multi-parameter and act on irregular singular systems.Comment: 50 pages; v2: Submitted version once revised according to referees' comment

THE USE OF TIME-LAPSE AND STILL PHOTOGRAPHS TO DOCUMENT THE EFFECTS OF SEASONALITY ON DUNE MORPHODYNAMIC EVOLUTION IN COROLLA, NC.

With climate change altering established seasonal and weather phenomena, understanding the physical behavior of barrier islands and the processes driving such physical changes, specifically within their dune zones, is crucial in promoting their resiliency. With ecosystem services provided by dunes to coastal economies and wildlife habitat, promoting dune conservation serves to advance the benefits of these systems, within a changing climate. Current findings by the Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility in Duck, NC, suggest the significance of local aeolian sediment transport in interplay with storm intensity in effecting dune stability, and that anthropogenic impacts, like the installment of wooden beach accesses versus paved walkways can either aid or harm the strength of these natural systems, falling on the decisions of local communities. In this study, Time-Lapse and Still Photography was used to monitor and document the morphodynamic evolution of 45m and 20m wide dune sections in Corolla, NC, within a one-year timescale. Monthly dune topography elevation measurements were established to quantitatively emphasize effects of physical processes being illustrated within the footage and photographs captured. It was found that Scarping recovery time took 6.9 months, aligning with the collision regime established by Sallenger (2000), and that summer and winter profiles matched understandings of seasonal variations: stronger wind and wave energy in the winter, with the Time-Lapse qualitatively illustrating these concepts. Vegetation dwindled in the winter, as expected, and sand fences were effective in accumulating sediment, showing net growth. The findings in this study support modern dune studies, providing visual demonstrations of subtleties within dune dynamics so to provide future guidance to coastal homeowner

Preliminary study of the Gravimetric Local Geoid Model in Jordan: case study (GeoJordan Model)

Recently, there has been an increased interest in studying and defining the Local and Regional Geoid Model worldwide, due to its importance in geodetic and geophysics applications.The use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is internationally growing, yet the lack of a Geoid Model for Jordan has limited the use of GPS for the geodetic applications in the country. This work aims to present the preliminary results that we propose for «The Gravimetric Jordanian Geoid Model (GeoJordan)». The model is created using gravimetric data and the GRAVSOFT program. The model is validated using GPS and precise level measurements in the Amman area. Moreover, we present a comparison using the Global Geopotential Model OSU91A and the EGM96 Model and the results showed great discrepancies. We also present the approach used to obtain the orthometric height from GPS ellipsoidal height measurements. We found that the error margin obtained in this work of the GeoJordan after fitting the data with GPS/leveling measurements is about (10 cm) in the tested area whereas the standard error of the created model is about (40 cm)

A note on geographical systems and maps of Montserrat

It is often critically important that geospatial data are measured and mapped accurately, particularly for quantitative analyses and numerical modelling applications. Defining a geographical coordinate system requires a non-unique combination of geodetic techniques (e.g. ellipsoids, projections and geoids). The choice of geographical system presents scope for ambiguity and confusion about geographical data, especially those archived without appropriate metadata. Experience has shown that these confusions have been a repeating source of either frustration or inadvertent error for those using geographical data from Montserrat. This is, in part, probably due to common usage of multiple datums and the existence of numerous topographical datasets recorded during the past 150 years. Here, we attempt to provide a brief introduction to geodetic principles and their application to Montserrat geographical data. The differences between common datums are illustrated and we describe variations in magnetic declination as they apply to field use of magnetic instruments. We include a record of the source of the large-scale mapping datasets that have been used and analysed ubiquitously in the literature. The descriptions here are intended as an introductory reference resource for those using geographical data from Montserrat

The effect of using multiple coordinate systems and datum transformations on the calculated coordinates in Palestine

This paper analyses extreme precipitation characteristic of Turkey based on selected WMO climate change indices. (Rdays), (Rx1day), (SDII) and (R10) were calculated for 98 stations for 38 year overlapping period (1975-2012). Cluster analysis was applied to evaluate spatial characterisation of the annual precipitation extremes. Four extreme precipitation clusters were detected. Cluster 1 corresponds spatially to Central and Eastern Anatolia and identified with lowest index values except rainy days. Cluster 2 is concentrated mainly west and south part of the Anatolia, especially coastal zone and can be characterised with lowest rainy days and high and moderate values in other indices. These two clusters are the most prominent classes throughout the country with totally 82 stations. Cluster 3 is clearly located in the Black Sea coastal zone on the north with high and moderate index values. Two stations located on the northeast coast of the Black Sea region are identified as Cluster 4 which exhibits the highest values among all indices. The overall results reveal that winter months and October have the highest proportion of precipitation extremes in Turkey. Northeast part of the Black Sea region and Mediterranean coastal area from southwest to southeast are prone to experiencing frequent extreme precipitation events