Handbook for MAP, volume 32. Part 1: MAP summary. Part 2: MAPSC minutes, reading, August 1989. MAP summaries from nations. Part 3: MAP data catalogue

Extended abstracts from the fourth workshop on the technical and scientific aspects of mesosphere stratosphere troposphere (MST) radar are presented. Individual sessions addressed the following topics: meteorological applications of MST and ST radars, networks, and campaigns; the dynamics of the equatorial middle atmosphere; interpretation of radar returns from clear air; techniques for studying gravity waves and turbulence, intercomparison and calibration of wind and wave measurements at various frequencies; progress in existing and planned MST and ST radars; hardware design for MST and ST radars and boundary layer/lower troposphere profilers; signal processing; and data management

Proceedings of Abstracts 12th International Conference on Air Quality Science and Application

© 2020 The Author(s). This an open access work distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Final Published versio

Proceedings of Abstracts 10th International Conference on Air Quality Science and Application

This 10th International Conference in Air Quality - Science and Application is being held in the elegant and vibrant city of Milan, Italy. Our local hosts are ARIANET and ARPA Lombardia both of whom play a leading role in assessing and managing air pollution in the area. The meeting builds upon the series that began at the University of Hertfordshire, UK in July 1996. Subsequent meetings have been held at the Technical University of Madrid, Spain (1999), Loutraki, Greece (2001), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (2003), Valencia, Spain (2005), Cyprus (2007), Istanbul, Turkey (2009) Athens, Greece (2012) and Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany (2014). Over the last two decades controls to limit air pollution have increased but the problem of poor air quality persists in all cities of the world. Consequently, the issue of the quality of air that we breathe remains at the forefront of societal concerns and continues to demand the attention of scientists and policy makers to reduce health impacts and to achieve sustainable development. Although urbanisation is growing in terms of population, transport, energy consumption and utilities, science has shown that impact from air pollution in cities is not restricted to local scales but depends on contributions from regional and global scales including interactions with climate change. Despite improvements in technology, users still demand robust management and assessment tools to formulate effective control policies and strategies for reducing the health impact of air pollution. The topics of papers presented at the conference reflect the diversity of scales, processes and interactions affecting air pollution and its impact on health and the environment. As usual, the conference is stimulating cross-fertilisation of ideas and cooperation between the different air pollution science and user communities. In particular, there is greater involvement of city, regional and global air pollution, climate change, users and health communities at the meeting. This international conference brings together scientists, users and policy makers from across the globe to discuss the latest scientific advances in our understanding of air pollution and its impacts on our health and environment. In addition to the scientific advances, the conference will also seek to highlight applications and developments in management strategies and assessment tools for policy and decision makers. This volume presents a collection of abstracts of papers presented at the Conference. The main themes covered in the Conference include: Air quality and impact on regional to global scales Development/application/evaluation of air quality and related models Environmental and health impact resulting from air pollution Measurement of air pollutants and process studies Source apportionment and emission models/inventories Urban meteorology Special session: Air quality impacts of the increasing use of biomass fuels Special session: Air quality management for policy support and decisions Special session: Air pollution meteorology from local to global scales Special session: Climate change and human health Special Session: Modelling and measuring non-exhaust emissions from traffic Special session: Transport related air pollution - PM and its impact on cities and across EuropeFinal Published versio

Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics for Emerging Engineering Processes

As researchers deal with processes and phenomena that are geometrically complex and phenomenologically coupled the demand for high-performance computational fluid dynamics (CFD) increases continuously. The intrinsic nature of coupled irreversibility requires computational tools that can provide physically meaningful results within a reasonable time. This book collects the state-of-the-art CFD research activities and future R&D directions of advanced fluid dynamics. Topics covered include in-depth fundamentals of the Navier-Stokes equation, advanced multi-phase fluid flow, and coupling algorithms of computational fluid and particle dynamics. In the near future, true multi-physics and multi-scale simulation tools must be developed by combining micro-hydrodynamics, fluid dynamics, and chemical reactions within an umbrella of irreversible statistical physics

Effects of air pollution and greenness on asthma and allergy — over time and across generations

Background: The prevalence of asthma and allergies have increased in the last decades, likely due to complex interaction of genes and environmental factors; however, causal pathways are still far from understood. Environmental factors like air pollution and greenness play a part, but the impact of relatively low levels of air pollution and greenness on the development of asthma and allergies throughout the lifespan and across generations has not been elucidated. When studying intergenerational risk factors, the use of reports on asthma across generations is essential. Before using such reports, however, it is important to validate them. Objectives: I) To determine the agreement between parental and offspring asthma reports in the Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia (RHINESSA) generation study, and identify predictors of disagreement. II) To investigate the risk of adult asthma, rhinitis and low lung function after lifelong exposure to air pollution and greenness. III) To investigate the associations between parental childhood exposure to air pollution and greenness in relation to their future offspring asthma and rhinitis, and assess if the associations were direct effects or if they were mediated through parental asthma, pregnancy exposure to greenness/air pollution and offspring own exposure. Material and methods: I) Asthma reports from 6752 offspring and their 5907 parents from the RHINESSA study regarding themselves and each other were analysed. Cohen’s kappa, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated to determine agreement. The participant’s own answers regarding themselves were defined as the gold standard. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors for disagreement. II) and III) Individual annual mean residential exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), black carbon (BC), ozone (O3) and greenness (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)) were calculated and averaged across the following susceptibility windows: Paper II (N = 3428): 0-10 years, 10-18 years, from birth until age of diagnosis, lifetime and year before study participation. Paper III (N = 1106 parents, 1949 offspring): parents 0-18 years and offspring 0-10 years. In paper II, logistic regression was performed for the outcomes asthma attack, rhinitis and impaired lung function (below lower limit of normal (LLN: z-score <1.64 SD)), while conditional logistic regression with a matched case-control design was performed for asthma (ever/allergic/non-allergic). In paper III, logistic regression and mediation analyses were performed for the outcomes offspring asthma and rhinitis. Results: I) Agreement of parental reports of offspring early (10 years) onset asthma was good and moderate, respectively (Cohen’s kappa 0.72 and 0.46). Agreement of offspring reports of maternal and paternal asthma was good (Cohen’s kappa 0.69 and 0.68). For both parents and offspring, the most common disagreement was to report no asthma in asthmatic relatives rather than to report asthma in non-asthmatic relatives. Current smokers (odds ratio (OR) 1.46 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05, 2.02) and fathers (OR 1.31 95% CI 1.08, 1.59) were more likely to report offspring asthma incorrectly. Offspring wheeze was associated with reporting parental asthma incorrectly (OR 1.60 95% CI 1.21, 2.11). II) Exposures to NO2, PM10 and O3 were associated with increased risk for asthma attacks (range ORs 1.29 to 2.25). Exposures to PM2.5 and O3 increased the risk for low lung function, in particular forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (range ORs 2.65 to 4.21). Increased NDVI was associated with lower FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FVC) in all susceptibility windows (range ORs 1.39 to 1.74). III) Maternal exposures to PM2.5 and PM10 was associated with higher offspring asthma risk (OR 2.23 95% CI 1.32, 3.78; OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.36, 3.80) and paternal high BC exposure was associated with lower offspring asthma risk (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11, 0.87). Risk for rhinitis increased for offspring of fathers with medium O3 exposure (OR 4.15, 95%CI 1.28, 13.50) and mothers with high PM10 exposure (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.19, 5.91). The effect of maternal PM10 exposure on offspring asthma was direct, while it for rhinitis was mediated through exposures in pregnancy and offspring’s own exposures. Paternal O3 exposure had a direct effect on offspring rhinitis. Conclusions: I) Agreement of self-reported asthma across generations in the RHINESSA study showed moderate to good agreement, although with some risk of under-report. II) Lifelong air pollution exposure was associated with asthma attacks, rhinitis and low lung function. Exposure to greenness was associated with low lung function. III) Parental air pollution exposures in their childhood were associated with increased risk of asthma and rhinitis in future offspring. Consequences: Exposure to air pollution and greenness impact numerous people. Further research is warranted to entirely understand the complex underlying interactions between air pollution and greenness and respiratory health. However, results from this PhD project suggest that existing air pollution limit values may be too high, and that exposures below the upper limit values may have harmful health effects. From a public health perspective, one should continuously strive for cleaner air, not only for today’s population, but also for the next generations.Doktorgradsavhandlin