The Barcelona ionospheric mapping function (BIMF) and its application to northern mid-latitudes

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Gps solutions. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-018-0731-0A simple way of improving the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) slant ionospheric correction from Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) models is presented. In many GNSS applications, a mapping function is required to convert from VTEC, which may be provided in Global Ionospheric Maps (GIMs), to Slant TEC (STEC). Typical approaches assume a single ionospheric shell with constant height, which is unrealistic, especially for low-elevation signals. To reduce the associated conversion error, we propose the Barcelona Ionospheric Mapping Function and its first implementation at northern mid-latitudes (BIMF-nml). BIMF is based on a climatic prediction of the distribution of the topside vertical electron content fraction of VTEC (hereinafter µ2). BIMF is convenient to be applied since no external data are required in practice. To evaluate its performance, we use as independent reference the STEC difference (so-called dSTEC) values directly measured from mid-latitude dual-frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers that have not been used in the computation of the VTEC GIMs under assessment. It is shown that the use of BIMF improves the GIM STEC estimation compared to the single-layer assumptions. This is the case for the mapping functions used by the International GNSS Service (IGS) and Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS). This improvement is valid not only for the UPC GIMs, up to 15% for the year 2014, but especially for the GIMs of other analysis centers, such as those produced by CODE and JPL, up to 32 and 29%, respectively.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Ionospheric tomographic common clock model of undifferenced uncombined GNSS measurements

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Journal of geodesy. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-021-01568-8In this manuscript, we introduce the Ionospheric Tomographic Common Clock (ITCC) model of undifferenced uncombined GNSS measurements. It is intended for improving the Wide Area precise positioning in a consistent and simple way in the multi-GNSS context, and without the need of external precise real-time products. This is the case, in particular, of the satellite clocks, which are estimated at the Wide Area GNSS network Central Processing Facility (CPF) referred to the reference receiver one; and the precise realtime ionospheric corrections, simultaneously computed under a voxel-based tomographic model with satellite clocks and other geodetic unknowns, from the uncombined and undifferenced pseudoranges and carrier phase measurements at the CPF from the Wide Area GNSS network area. The model, without fixing the carrier phase ambiguities for the time being (just constraining them by the simultaneous solution of both ionospheric and geometric components of the uncombined GNSS model), has been successfully applied and assessed against previous precise positioning techniques. This has been done by emulating real-time conditions for Wide Area GPS users during 2018 in Poland.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Consistency of seven different GNSS global ionospheric mapping techniques during one solar cycle

In the context of the International GNSS Service (IGS), several IGS Ionosphere Associated Analysis Centers (IAAC) have developed different techniques to provide Global Ionospheric Maps (GIMs) of Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) since 1998. In this paper we present a comparison of the performances of all the GIMs created in the frame of IGS. Indeed we compare the classical ones (for the ionospheric analysis centers CODE, ESA/ESOC, JPL and UPC) with the new ones (NRCAN, CAS, UWH). To assess the qual- ity of them in fair and completely independent ways, two assessment meth- ods are used: a direct comparison to altimeter data (VTEC-altimeter) and to the difference of slant total electron content (STEC) observed in independent ground reference stations (dSTEC-GPS). The main conclusion of this study, performed during one solar cycle, is the consistency of the results between so many different GIM techniques and implementations

Ionosphere Monitoring with Remote Sensing

This book focuses on the characterization of the physical properties of the Earth’s ionosphere, contributing to unveiling the nature of several processes responsible for a plethora of space weather-related phenomena taking place in a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This is made possible by the exploitation of a huge amount of high-quality data derived from both remote sensing and in situ facilities such as ionosondes, radars, satellites and Global Navigation Satellite Systems receivers

Soundings of the ionospheric HF radio link between Antarctica and Spain

Aquest treball ha estat realitzat sota el context del projecte Antàrtic del Grup d’Investigació en Electromagnetisme i Comunicacions de La Salle (Universitat Ramon Llull). L’objectiu d’aquest projecte és l’estudi del canal ionosfèric com a canal de comunicacions digitals i el disseny de modulacions avançades adaptades. Aquest treball de tesi es centra en el sondeig del canal HF al llarg de tres campanyes consecutives des de 2009 fins 2012 entre la Base Antártica Española (BAE) i l’Observatorio de l’Ebre (OE). En primer lloc, a partir del sondeig en banda estreta s’han obtingut la disponibilitat i la freqüència de màxima disponibilitat (FLA) entre la BAE i OE en el període 2009-2012. En segon lloc, el sondeig en banda ampla ens ha permès estimar la relació senyal-soroll en banda ampla, la dispersió temporal (composite multipath spread), la dispersió freqüencial (composite Doppler spread and Doppler frequency shift) i el temps de propagació. En tercer lloc, s’ha investigat la variació intra-diària i inter-diària d’alguns paràmetres (Densitat total d’electrons, freqüències crítiques i la MUF3000) que han estat mesurades en sondeig vertical en quatre estacions situades al llarg del camí entre la BAE i OE. Finalment, s’ha estudiat la correlació entre la FLA de l’enllaç oblic i la MUF300 de les estacions intermèdies properes als punts de reflexió.Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el contexto del proyecto Antártico del Grupo de Investigación en Electromagnetismo y Comunicaciones de La Salle (Universidad Ramon Llull). El objetivo de este proyecto es el estudio del canal ionosférico como canal de comunicaciones digitales además del diseño de modulaciones avanzadas adaptadas. Este trabajo se centra en el sondeo del canal HF a lo largo de tres campañas consecutivas desde 2009 hasta 2012 entre la Base Antártica Española (BAE) y el Observatorio del Ebro (OE). Primero, a partir del sondeo en banda estrecha se han obtenido la disponibilidad y la frecuencia de máxima disponibilidad (FLA) entre la BAE y OE en el periodo 2009-2012. En segundo lugar, el sondeo en banda ancha nos ha permitido estimar la relación señal-ruido en banda ancha, la dispersión temporal (composite multipath spread), la dispersión frecuencial (composite Doppler spread and Doppler frequency shift) y el tiempo de propagación. En tercer lugar, se ha investigado la variación intra-diaria y la inter-diaria de varios parámetros (Densidad total de electrones, frecuencias críticas y la MUF3000) que han sido medidas en sondeo vertical en cuatro estaciones situadas a lo largo del camino entre la BAE y OE.Finalmente, se ha estudiado la correlación entre la FLA del enlace oblicuo y la MUF300 de las estaciones intermedias cercanas a los puntos de reflexión.This work has been done in the context of the Antarctic Project of the Research Group in Electromagnetism and Communications of La Salle (Ramon Llull University). The aim of this project is to study the ionospheric channel as a digital communications channel as well as to design specific advanced modulations specially adapted to it. This work is devoted to the HF channel sounding throughout three consecutive surveys from 2009 to 2012 between the Spanish Antarctic Station (SAS) and the Ebro Observatory (OE). First, the availability and the Frequency of Largest Availability (FLA) of the SAS-OE link have been obtained from the narrowband sounding technique from 2009 to 2012. Second, wideband sounding of the SAS-OE link has been done to estimate the wideband Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), the time dispersion (composite multipath spread), frequency dispersion (composite Doppler spread and Doppler frequency shift), and the propagation time. Third, there has been an investigation about the day-to-day and inter-day variations of various parameters (e.g., Total Electron Density, critical frequencies, and Maximum Usable Frequency for ground distance MUF(3000)) that have been measured at four Vertical Incidence Sounding (VIS) stations located over the SAS-OE link path throughout three consecutive surveys (from 2009 to 2012). Finally, the correlation between the FLA of the SAS-OE ionospheric link and the MUF(3000) obtained from VIS stations located close to the reflection points of the same link has been studied

Coupling Evidence From Lower Atmosphere to Mesosphere and Ionosphere Through Quasi 27-Day Oscillation

Using meteor radar, radiosonde and digisonde observations and MERRA-2 reanalysis data from 12 August to 31 October 2006, we report a dynamical coupling from the tropical lower atmosphere to the mesosphere and ionospheric F2 region through a quasi 27-day intraseasonal oscillation (ISO). It is interesting that the quasi 27-day ISO is active in the troposphere and stratopause and mesopause regions, exhibiting a three-layer structure. In the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT), the amplitude in the zonal wind increases from about 4 ms at 90 km to 15 ms at 100 km, which is different from previous observations that ISOs generally have the amplitude peak at about 80-85 km, and then weakens with height. OLR and specific humidity data demonstrate that there is a quasi 27-day periodicity in convective activity in the tropics, which causes the ISO of the zonal wind and gravity wave (GW) activity in the troposphere. GW energy in the stratosphere also exhibits a sharp spectral speak at 27-day period, meaning that the convectively modulated GWs play a vital role in driving the oscillation in the MLT. The quasi 27-day variability arises clearly in the hmF2. Wavelet analysis shows that the dominant period and active time of the hmF2 oscillation are in good agreement with those in the zonal wind of the MLT and OLR rather than in the F10.7 and Kp index. Hence, tropical convective activity has an influence on the dynamics of the MLT and F2 region through modulated waves and ISOs

Quasi-4-dimension ionospheric modeling and its application in PPP

The version of record of this article, first published in Satellite Navigation, is available online at Publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43020-022-00085-zIonospheric delay modeling is not only important for GNSS based space weather study and monitoring, but also an efficient tool to overcome the long convergence time of PPP. In this study, a novel model, denoted as Q4DIM (Quasi-4-dimension ionospheric modeling) is proposed for wide-area high precision ionospheric delay correction. In Q4DIM, the LOS (line of sight) ionospheric delay from a GNSS station network is divided into different clusters according to not only latitude and longitude, but also elevation and azimuth. Both GIM (global ionosphere map) and SID (slant ionospheric delay) that traditionally used for wide-area and regional ionospheric delay modeling, respectively, can be regarded as special case of Q4DIM by defining proper grids in latitude, longitude, elevation and azimuth. Thus, Q4DIM presents a resilient model that is capable for both wide-area coverage and high precision. Then four different sets of clusters are defined to illustrate the properties of Q4DIM based on 200 EPN stations. The results suggested that Q4DIM is compatible with the widely acknowledged GIM products. Moreover, it is proved that by inducting the elevation and azimuth angle dependent residuals, the precision of the 2-dimensional GIM-like model, i.e., Q4DIM-2D, is improved from around 1.5 TECU to better than 0.5 TECU. In addition, by treating Q4DIM as a 4-dimensional matrix in latitude, longitude, elevation and azimuth, its sparsity is less than 5%, thus guarantees its feasibility in a bandwidth-sensitive applications, e.g., satellite-based PPP-RTK service. Finally, the advantage of Q4DIM in single frequency PPP over the 2-dimensional models is demonstrated with one month’s data from 30 EPN stations.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version