The architecture of the four-īwān building tradition as a representation of paradise and dynastic power aspirations

The dissertation analyses how architecture represents sacred realities. The main focus is on Tīmūrid architecture as an instrument to legitimize extreme and universal power. The four-īwān plan is examined as a dynastic architectural tool marking the centre of the world, from which power spreads along the cardinal points to all corners of the macrosomos. Kosh examples of Tīmūrid mosques, madrasas and tombs are used to illustrate this approach. The concept of recreating Paradise on earth is further developed in line with dynastic supremacy and the role of the ruler as cosmocrator. The geographical focus is on Transoxania (present-day Uzbekistan) and partly on Khurasan (present-day Afghanistan). The four-īwān plan was a power statement, rediscovered by the subsequent ruler trying to relate his power to a previous undisputed chief patron. Since the Tīmūrids fostered good relations with the Sufi community, the four-īwān compounds were a symbolically acceptable setting both for the Sufi orders and for the ‘ulamā’. That is why, the four-īwān plan can be seen as an architectural representation both of the cosmologies of Sufism and of orthodox Islam. For the first time, the four-iwan plan is discussed in terms of the hierophanic and architectural palimpsest. This approach offers comparative analysis with Buddhist and Hindu cross-axial monuments, encompassing the current theories that regard the four-īwān plan only as a strictly Islamic phenomena.LEI Universiteit LeidenMedieval and Early Modern Studie

Proceedings of the ECAI Workshop on Formal Concept Analysis for Artificial Intelligence (FCA4AI)

International audienceFormal Concept Analysis (FCA) is aimed at data analysis and classification. FCA proposes various efficient tools for concept lattice design and visualization, and is related to many research fields and application domains, including several fields of Artificial Intelligence (AI), e.g. knowledge discovery, knowledge representation and reasoning. In recent years, a series of work emerged for extending the possibilities of FCA w.r.t. knowledge processing, e.g. pattern structures and relational context analysis. Such extensions should allow FCA to deal with complex data from the knowledge discovery and the knowledge representation points of view. Moreover, these extensions of the capabilities of FCA offer new possibilities for AI activities in the framework of FCA. Accordingly, this workshop will be interested in two main issues: (i) how can FCA support AI activities and especially knowledge processing and (ii) how can FCA be extended for solving new and complex problems in AI

Appreciation units in biology

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University, 1935. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

Decision support tools for environmentally conscious chemical process design

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1999.Electronic version available online."September 2000."Includes bibliographical references.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.The environment has emerged as an important determinant of the performance of the modern chemical industry. Process engineering in the 21st century needs to evolve to include environmental issues as part of the design objectives, rather than as constraints on operations. A frequently cited objection to the use of quantitative indicators of environmental performance in product and process design is that the underlying data are too uncertain for the numbers to have any real meaning. This thesis demonstrates that explicit incorporation of uncertainties allows bounds to be established on the confidence of decisions made on the basis of uncertain indicators. The examples provided show that large uncertainties in indicators used to assess environmental performance do not necessarily imply uncertainty in decision-making. A series of computer-aided decision making tools have been developed to decrease the barriers to the use of environmental valuation functions in routine design activities. These tools include: uncertainty propagation of relative performance measures, a spreadsheet-based fate, transport and exposure model for chemicals, an information content chart for assessing the quality of uncertain indicators, a screening procedure to identify the most important structural and parametric uncertainties in multimedia exposure models,a process by product input-output life cycle assessment method to generate correlated distributions of unit environmental indicators, an extension of the deterministic equivalent modeling method for the generation of spreadsheet based polynomial chaos expansion metamodels of process flowsheet models, and a database for managing uncertain parameters used in environmental valuation models. Case studies are presented to help the reader in learning the use of the tools. The tools are also applied to an analysis of the U.S. toxics release inventory, in which confidence bounds are developed for the trends in impacts and the contributions of industrial sectors and specific chemical compounds to overall potential impact. Although the tools were developed bearing in mind the need for methods to evaluate the environmental performance of chemical process design alternatives, the ideas can be applied to any decision context in which there are significant uncertainties in the parameters of the objective function.by José Alejandro Cano Ruiz.Ph.D

A Typology of Antipassives, With Special Reference to Mayan.

Ph.D. Thesis. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 2017

Pendekatan The New History Dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah Lokal, Nasional, dan Global Untuk Integrasi Bangsa Pada Program Studi PIPS UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

This study was motivated by the writer’s concern on the accumulating phenomena of national disintegration in many parts of Indonesian territory, and this situation influenced the restlessness and instability among the young generation, in this case IPS department student, regarding to their identity and nationality. Several problems examined in this study revealed that in classes, history was still presented in the conventional way, where the students were lectured on factual feature of history (time concept, actors, and sequence of events). On the other hand, the new learning in history, which was called the New History, opened multidisciplinary approach where sociology and anthropology contributed to the student’s efforts of searching for their ethnic and cultural roots inside the Indonesian nationality. The research findings are firstly, that the influence of new history approach in teaching and learning history towards the acquiring of inter-ethnic relations and national solidarity are significant. Second, the influence of local history teaching and learning to aquire good interethnic relations is significant, while the contribution to national solidarity is positively significant. Third, that the influence of national history teaching and learning towards interethnic relations is significant, but insignificant to building national solidarity. Forth, that influence of global history teaching and learning towards interethnic relations and national solidarity are quite significant

A lexical transducer for North Slope Iñupiaq

Thesis (M.A.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2011This thesis describes the creation and evaluation of software designed to analyze and generate North Slope Iñupiaq words. Given a complete lñupiaq word as input, it attempts to identify the word's stem and suffixes, including the grammatical category and any inflectional information contained in the word. Given a stem and list of suffixes as input, it attempts to produce the corresponding Iñupiaq word, applying phonological processes as necessary. Innovations in the implementation of this software include Iñupiaq-specific formats for specifying lexical data, including a table-based format for specifying inflectional suffixes in paradigms; a treatment of phonologically-conditioned irregular allomorphy which leverages the pattern-recognition capabilities of the xfst programming language; and an idiom for composing morphographemic rules together in xfst which captures the state of the software each time a new rule is added, maximizing feedback during software compilation and facilitating troubleshooting. In testing, the software recognized 81.2% of all word tokens (78.3% of unique word types) and guessed at the morphology of an additional 16.8% of tokens (19.4% of types). Analyses of recognized words were largely accurate; a heuristic for identifying accurate parses is proposed. Most guesses were at least partly inaccurate. Improvements and applications are proposed.National Science Foundation (Award 0534217

Theory and Practice in Eighteenth-Century British Medicine: "Regimental Practice" by John Buchanan, M.D.

In 1746, Dr John Buchanan, a recently retired medical officer in the British Army, produced a manuscript, 'Regimental Practice, or a Short History of Diseases common to His Majesties own Royal Regiment of Horse Guards when abroad (Commonly called the Blews).' Revised almost until the time of Buchanan's death in 1767, it was primarily based on the author's observations while surgeon to a cavalry regiment serving in Flanders 1742-45 during the War of the Austrian Succession. It is of immense value to the understanding of eighteenth-century interpretation and treatment of diseases, but as yet has never been published. Presented here is an annotated modern edition of the text, with an introductory section setting the work in the context of Buchanan's life and career, and within the broader framework of eighteenth-century medical practice. Buchanan's practice of medicine generally represented the mainstream of professional practice as regarded both his understanding of disease and his treatment of it. Across the decades of the eighteenth century there were discoveries and fashions that impacted both the theory and the practice of medicine. Various writers of that age, as well as a number of historians since, have conveyed the sense that practice was chaotic. On the contrary, what this book argues is that methods used to treat diseases were fairly standard. Therefore, by reading Buchanan's manuscript one sees not only how he treated more than three dozen diseases, as well as various wounds and injuries, but also how these conditions were often treated in this period. Appendices compare Buchanan’s therapy to that of major contemporaries and also analyze the drugs that he refers to in his journal.Annotated transcription of ms. medical journal entitled "Regimental Practice. or A Short History of Diseases common to His Majesties own Royal Regiment of Horse Guards when abroad (Commonly called the Blews)". “Theory and Practice” includes an introductory essay on: (a) the life of the author of “Regimental Practice,” James Buchanan (1710-67); (b) his education and career; and (c) the nature of his practice, as reflected in the journal. Appendices deal in depth with his sources, the therapy that he and other medical authorities used in treating the diseases noted in the journal, and the drugs referred to in “Regimental Practice.

Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1892-93, Pt. 1

14th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. (no date) HD 230 (pts. 1 and 2), 54-2, v55 (pts. 1 and 2), 1197p. (3531 (pts. 1 and 2) Research related to the American Indian; reports on the Menomonees (Hoffman), Coronado expedition (Winship), and Ghost-Dance religion and Sioux outbreak of 1890 (Mooney)

The development of apostasy and punishment law in Islam 11 AH/632 AD-157 AH/774 AD|

As in Judaism and Christianity, the sin of apostasy is strongly condemned as one of the gravest enormities (Ar. ahadu al-kabai'r). In common with them, Islam is clear that the eternal punishment of apostates is sure and certain in the hereafter. But unlike Judaism and Christianity today, Islam is known to go further and condemn them to death in the here and now. Strangely enough, with the exception of Saudia Arabia where Shari'ah is still in force, there is no evidence that apostates are still being executed in other Islamic countries. Yet, any attempt to cancel, abolish or re-interpret the apostasy law has remained virtually impossible. This doctrine is generally held to be an unquestionable axiom of faith as it rests entirely on the prophetic tradition. Our research attempts to demonstrate from a historical/theological standpoint that the faith and message of early Islam as presented in the Qur'an stands in glaring contrast to this doctrine. The political events of the late Umayyad and early Abbasid periods seem to have provided the fertile soil for the invention of those traditions on which later jurists elaborated a complex set of the rules vis-à-vis the legal status of the apostates. These rules have largely remained to this day unchangeably the same. Attention should be drawn to the fact that Qur'anic quotations throughout this research work are from the translations of A. Yusuf Al, M. Marmaduke Pickhtall, N.J. Dawood and A. J. Arberry. In some places we felt that some corrections were necessary, and we have been bold enough to make them. This research study has not been an easy task to undertake. The difficulty of this subject could only be matched by the difficulty of finding material literatures relative to it. However, the fruits of our efforts presented in this research work might at least serve as a starting point towards further researches into the origins and development of the punishment of apostasy in Islam