Automation and control system implementation in a smallholder crop production in Uganda: A review

This review paper explores the potential of automation and control systems in addressing critical challenges faced by agriculture in developing countries, with a specific focus on their applicability in Uganda. The study aims to comprehensively evaluate the role of these systems in enhancing agricultural practices, including the identification of adoption challenges, assessment of potential benefits, investigation of system effectiveness, and provision of evidence-based recommendations. The findings reveal that while there are notable obstacles such as high initial costs, limited technical expertise, and database constraints, there are also substantial opportunities, particularly through the integration of supportive information and communication technology (ICT) strategies and policies. Automation has demonstrated its effectiveness in various agricultural tasks, from mechanized tractors to food processing and livestock farming, offering promising prospects for value addition, irrigation, hydroponics, aquaponics, greenhouse farming, and livestock management. Despite the current modest adoption rates, the study provides compelling evidence supporting the need for increased utilization of automation and control systems in Uganda’s agriculture. Collaboration among stakeholders, formulation of supportive policies, development of comprehensive databases, prioritization of tailored ICT infrastructure, and facilitation of knowledge sharing are recommended to overcome challenges and harness the transformative capability of automation. In conclusion, embracing automation holds the key to enhancing the sustainability and food security of Uganda’s agriculture, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in guiding the sector’s future advancement

Focusing on the case analysis of advanced smart ports

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 글로벌행정전공, 2023. 2. Lee, Soo-young.본 연구에서는 최근 각광받고 있는 스마트 항만의 개념과 항만 경쟁력과의 관계를 고찰해 보고, 선진 스마트 항만에 대한 다각적인 분석을 통해 우리나라 스마트 항만 발전 방향에 대한 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 A. Molavi 외의 연구에서 확립된 스마트 항만 평가 척도의 4가지 측면, 운영측면(Operation), 환경측면(Environment), 에너지 측면(Energy), 그리고 안전과 보안 측면(Safety & Security)의 분석틀을 활용하여 스마트 항만 개발과 발전에 가장 앞선 네덜란드의 로테르담 항만과 독일의 함부르크 항만의 정책 분석을 시도하였다. A. Molavi 외의 연구는 측정 가능한 스마트화 지수를 발전시켜 각 항만의 스마트화 정도를 가늠하고 장단점을 파악할 수 있게 하기 위한 취지에서 개발되었다. 하지만 본 연구에서는 스마트 항만의 평가 척도를 활용하되 질적인 분석으로 접근하여 정책 활용 측면에서 유용한 시사점을 도출하는데 목적을 두었다. 또한 동일한 틀을 활용하여 현재 부산 컨테이너 터미널의 스마트 항만 발전 계획을 분석하고 발전방향 설정에 도움을 주고자 하였다. 우선 운영 측면에서 선진 스마트 항만들은 항만 내 하역 전 과정의 완전 자동화를 달성하였고, 이에 그치지 않고 항만 내 모든 과정을 4차 산업혁명의 첨단 기술들을 활용하여 무인화와 효율화를 추구하였다. 이 과정에서 A.I, IoT, 블록체인 등 4차 산업혁명의 핵심 기술들을 적극 활용하여 항만의 전체적인 모습을 변화시켜 가고 있으며, 비용절감과 생산성 증대 등 직접적인 효과뿐만 아니라 글로벌 물류의 핵심 구심점으로써 스마트 항만의 가능성을 발전시켜 나가고 있다. 이를 통해 항만 경쟁력 향상은 물론 물류 포털로써의 지위를 선점하기 위한 경쟁도 심화되고 있다. 환경 측면에서는 친환경 항만에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있다. 항만은 더 이상 도시와 분리되어 존재하는 독립된 영역이 아닌, 인접 도시 주민들과 상호 영향을 주고받으며 발전하는 호혜적인 관계를 구축해야 한다는데 공감대가 형성되고 있다. 이를 위해 그동안 항만 활동을 통해 야기되었던 환경 오염 문제를 줄이고 지역사회에 기여하기 위한 노력들이 활발히 진행되고 있다. 전력에 기반한 친환경 하역장비로 대체하고, 선박의 연료를 친환경 연료로 전환하는 노력이 진행 중이다. 항만 내 유휴부지를 활용해 신재생에너지를 발전하고 인근 지역에 공급하는 방안과, 항만의 환경 문제를 IoT 기술을 활용하여 실시간으로 감시하고 공유하는 시스템을 구축하여 항만의 지속 가능한 발전을 의도하며 탄소 중립 사회로의 진전에 중요한 역할을 자처하고 있다. 에너지 측면에서는 스마트 항만이 미래 수소 사회의 핵심 공급 기지가 될 전망이다. 해상 물류와 육상 물류가 결합되는 기능적 이점을 활용하여 수소의 생산과 저장, 분배 등 수소 경제의 핵심 인프라를 항만 내 구축하고 항만 기능과의 결합을 시도하고 있다. 이를 위해 선진 항만들은 대규모 파이프 라인을 건설하는 프로젝트들을 진행하며 미래를 준비하고 있다. 안전과 보안 측면에서는 항만이 첨단 기술 활용의 경연장이 되고 있다. 항공 및 해상, 수중 드론 등 첨단 장비들을 활용하여 드넓은 항만을 가상 현실세계인 트윈 타워에 이식하고 인공지능에 의한 실시간 관리 감독이 가능한 시스템이 구축되고 있다. 항만 내 하역작업의 무인화는 안전사고의 위험을 획기적으로 줄일 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 사각 지대가 없는 관리 감독도 가능해져 항만 내 재난사고와 밀입국 등의 문제를 근본적으로 변화시킬 것으로 기대되고 있다. 하지만 선진 스마트 항만에서 추구하는 근본적인 방향은 세계 물류의 핵심 포털을 구축하는 것이며 이를 위해 항만의 역할은 기존의 지역적인 한계를 넘어 기능적으로 그리고 물리적으로 팽창하고 있다. 우리나라의 경우 일찍이 자동화 항만의 발전을 시작한 유럽 항만은 물론 인근 중국과 싱가포르의 자동화 항만과 비교해도 뒤쳐지고 있는 것이 현실이다. 이를 만회하기 위해 중앙 정부 차원에서 스마트 해상물류체계 구축 전략을 수립하고 2030년 스마트 항만의 본격적인 운영을 계획하고 있다. 하지만 본 계획은 전반적인 물류 기능 중 하위 요소로 스마트 항만을 인식하고 있으며, 이는 스마트 항만을 자동화 항만이라는 좁은 측면에서만 바라보고 있는 것으로, 항만의 미래 잠재력에 대한 선진 항만들의 인식과는 큰 차이가 있다고 하겠다. 또한 스마트 항만의 발전 과정에서 민간 기업과 항만 이해관계자들이 적극적으로 참여하고 협력하여 스마트 항만의 모습을 그려가는 선진 항만과는 달리 우리나라의 경우 여전히 정부 주도 발전 방식을 고수하고 있으며, 가장 주도적인 역할을 해야 할 항만 공사들의 역할이 미미한 것은 한계라고 하겠다. 그리고 향후 탄소 중립 사회로의 이행의무 등 환경적인 문제와 친환경 에너지로의 전환이 중요시되고 있는 시점에서 이에 대한 근본적인 전환계획이나 항만의 새로운 역할에 대한 고민이 부족한 것도 비교 연구를 통해 도출할 수 있었다. 유럽의 항만들과는 달리 수소 경제로의 이행에 있어 항만의 핵심적 역할이 빠져 있다는 것은 스마트 항만에 대한 인식 부족에서 비롯된 것으로 보이며 이에 대한 정책적 개선이 필요한 것으로 보인다.This study examines the relationship between the concept of smart ports and port competitiveness, which have recently been in the spotlight, and attempts to derive implications for Korea's smart port development direction through various analysis of advanced smart ports. To this end, this research attempted to analyze the policies of Rotterdam Port in the Netherlands and Hamburg Port in Germany, which are most advanced in smart port development and development, using the analysis framework of four smart port evaluation measures established in A. Molavi et al. In terms of operation, advanced smart ports achieved complete automation of the entire loading and unloading process in the port, and not only this, but all processes in the port were pursued for unmanned and efficient use of the advanced technologies of the 4th Industrial Revolution. In terms of the environment, interest in eco-friendly ports is increasing. There is a consensus that ports should no longer be independent areas that exist separately from cities, but should establish reciprocal relationships that interact and develop with residents of neighboring cities. In terms of energy, smart ports are expected to become a key supply base for the future hydrogen society. Taking advantage of the functional advantages of combining marine logistics and land logistics, the core infrastructure of the hydrogen economy, such as hydrogen production, storage, and distribution, is built in ports and attempted to combine them with port functions. In terms of safety and security, ports are becoming a competition for the use of advanced technology. Using high-tech equipment such as aviation, sea, and underwater drones, a system that allows real-time management and supervision by artificial intelligence is being established by transplanting a wide port into a virtual reality twin tower. In the case of Korea, the reality is that it is lagging behind not only European ports that started the development of automated ports early but also automated ports in neighboring China and Singapore. To make up for this, the central government has established a "smart maritime logistics system construction strategy" and plans to operate smart ports in earnest in 2030. However, this plan recognizes smart ports as a sub-factor of the overall logistics function, which only looks at smart ports in the narrow aspect of automated ports, which is very different from advanced ports' perceptions of the future potential of ports. In addition, unlike advanced ports in which private companies and port stakeholders actively participate and cooperate in the development of smart ports, Korea still adheres to the government-led development method, and the role of port authorities to play the most leading role is insignificant. In addition, at a time when environmental problems such as the obligation to transition to a carbon-neutral society in the future and the transition to eco-friendly energy are becoming important, this comparative study was able to derive the lack of concern about the fundamental transition plan or the new role of ports. Unlike ports in Europe, the absence of a key role in the transition to a hydrogen economy seems to stem from a lack of awareness of smart ports, and policy improvements are needed.Chapter 1. Introduction １ 1.1. Study Background １ 1.2. Scope and Method of Study ２ Chapter 2. Theoretical Discussions and Prior Study Reviews ４ 2.1. Theoretical discussion of smart ports ４ 2.1.1. Significance of Ports ４ 2.1.2. Development of Ports ５ 2.1.3. Prior Study of Smart Ports ６ 2.1.4. Smart Port Index (SPI) ９ 2.2. Theoretical discussion of port competitiveness １１ 2.2.1 The Concept of Port Competitiveness １１ 2.2.2. A Prior Study on Port Competitiveness １３ 2.2.3. Port Competitiveness and Performance Evaluation １５ 2.3. The relationship between smart ports and port competitiveness １７ 2.3.1. Smart Port Components and Port Competitiveness １７ 2.3.2. Trends in Smart Port Development ２３ 2.4. Results of previous study review ２７ 3.1. Analysis Targets and Data ２８ 3.2. Analytical Model ２９ Chapter 3. Case Analysis ３２ 3.1. Port of Rotterdam (Netherlands) ３２ 3.1.1. Background and Status of Smart Port Introduction ３２ 3.1.2. Operational Aspects of Smart Port ３４ 3.1.3. Environmental Aspects of Smart Port ３７ 3.1.4. Energy Aspects of Smart Port ３９ 3.1.5. Safety and Security Aspects of Smart Port ４１ 3.1.6. Implications ４３ 3.2. Port of Hamburg (Germany) ４５ 3.2.1. Background and Status of Smart Port Introduction ４５ 3.2.2. Operational Aspects of Smart Port ４８ 3.2.3. Environmental Aspects of Smart Port ５１ 3.2.4. Energy Aspects of Smart Port ５３ 3.2.5. Safety and Security Aspects of Smart Port ５５ 3.2.5. Implications ５６ 3.3. Port of Busan (S.Korea) ５８ 3.3.1. Background and Status of Smart Port Introduction ５８ 3.3.2. Operational Aspects of Smart Port ６０ 3.3.3. Environmental Aspects of Smart Port ６２ 3.3.4. Energy Aspects of Smart Port ６３ 3.3.5. Safety and Security Aspects of Smart Port ６４ Chapter 4. Conclusion ６６ 4.1. Results of Research ６６ 4.2. Policy Implications ７０ 4.3. Limitations of Research ７４ Bibliography ７６ Abstract in Korean ８２석

Internet of Things-aided Smart Grid: Technologies, Architectures, Applications, Prototypes, and Future Research Directions

Traditional power grids are being transformed into Smart Grids (SGs) to address the issues in existing power system due to uni-directional information flow, energy wastage, growing energy demand, reliability and security. SGs offer bi-directional energy flow between service providers and consumers, involving power generation, transmission, distribution and utilization systems. SGs employ various devices for the monitoring, analysis and control of the grid, deployed at power plants, distribution centers and in consumers' premises in a very large number. Hence, an SG requires connectivity, automation and the tracking of such devices. This is achieved with the help of Internet of Things (IoT). IoT helps SG systems to support various network functions throughout the generation, transmission, distribution and consumption of energy by incorporating IoT devices (such as sensors, actuators and smart meters), as well as by providing the connectivity, automation and tracking for such devices. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on IoT-aided SG systems, which includes the existing architectures, applications and prototypes of IoT-aided SG systems. This survey also highlights the open issues, challenges and future research directions for IoT-aided SG systems

Photovoltaics, Batteries, and Silicon Carbide Power Electronics Based Infrastructure for Sustainable Power Networks

The consequences of climate change have emphasized the need for a power network that is centered around clean, green, and renewable sources of energy. Currently, Photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines are the only two modes of technology that can convert renewable energy of the sun and wind respectively into large-scale power for the electricity network. This dissertation aims at providing a novel solution to implement these sources of power (majorly PV) coupled with Lithium-ion battery storage in an efficient and sustainable approach. Such a power network can enable efficiency, reliability, low-cost, and sustainability with minimum impact to the environment. The first chapter illustrates the utilization of PV- and battery-based local power networks for low voltage loads as well as the significance of local DC power in the transportation sector. Chapter two focuses on the most efficient and maximum utilization of PV and battery power in an AC infrastructure. A simulated use-case for load satisfaction and feasibility analysis of 10 university-scale buildings is illustrated. The role of PV- and battery-based networks to fulfill the new demand from the electrification of the surface transportation sector discussed in Chapter three. Chapter four analyzes the PV- and battery- based network on a global perspective and proposes a DC power network with PV and complementary wind power to fulfill the power needs across the globe. Finally, the role of SiC power electronics and the design concept for an SiC based DC-to-DC converter for maximum utilization of PV/wind and battery power through enabling HVDC transmission is discussed in Chapter six

Implementasi Pengolahan Citra Menggunakan Metode YOLO pada Security Robot dibidang Pertanian

Greenhouse merupakan salah satu bentuk solusi pertanian modern untuk membudidayakan tanaman yang tidak sesuai dengan iklim tropis, khususnya di Indonesia. Namun, pembangunan greenhouse itu sendiri memerlukan biaya yang cukup mahal. Sumber daya perangkat elektronik yang diperoleh dari panel surya digunakan untuk menyediakan pasokan listrik kepada perangkat elektronik seperti exhaust fan, panel surya, dan perangkat lainnya. Sayangnya, sering kali terjadi kasus-kasus orang yang tidak bertanggung jawab melakukan pencurian atau merusak properti dan tanaman di area sekitar greenhouse, yang dapat merugikan petani. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi objek (manusia) yang melintas di sekitar greenhouse, peneliti menggunakan teknik pengolahan citra sebagai mata robot untuk mendeteksi manusia di mana objek selain manusia diabaikan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah YOLOv3-tiny, yang merupakan metode pembaharuan dari Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). YOLOv3-tiny akan melakukan prediksi terhadap objek yang akan dideteksi dengan bounding box sebagai output. Selanjutnya, YOLOv3-tiny akan memilih bounding box yang paling sesuai dalam memprediksi objek. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa robot mampu mendeteksi objek berupa manusia, serta menghitung akurasi kinerja model

Trends in Smart City Development

This report examines the meanings and practices associated with the term 'smart cities.' Smart city initiatives involve three components: information and communication technologies (ICTs) that generate and aggregate data; analytical tools which convert that data into usable information; and organizational structures that encourage collaboration, innovation, and the application of that information to solve public problems

Ag-IoT for crop and environment monitoring: Past, present, and future

CONTEXT: Automated monitoring of the soil-plant-atmospheric continuum at a high spatiotemporal resolution is a key to transform the labor-intensive, experience-based decision making to an automatic, data-driven approach in agricultural production. Growers could make better management decisions by leveraging the real-time field data while researchers could utilize these data to answer key scientific questions. Traditionally, data collection in agricultural fields, which largely relies on human labor, can only generate limited numbers of data points with low resolution and accuracy. During the last two decades, crop monitoring has drastically evolved with the advancement of modern sensing technologies. Most importantly, the introduction of IoT (Internet of Things) into crop, soil, and microclimate sensing has transformed crop monitoring into a quantitative and data-driven work from a qualitative and experience-based task. OBJECTIVE: Ag-IoT systems enable a data pipeline for modern agriculture that includes data collection, transmission, storage, visualization, analysis, and decision-making. This review serves as a technical guide for Ag-IoT system design and development for crop, soil, and microclimate monitoring. METHODS: It highlighted Ag-IoT platforms presented in 115 academic publications between 2011 and 2021 worldwide. These publications were analyzed based on the types of sensors and actuators used, main control boards, types of farming, crops observed, communication technologies and protocols, power supplies, and energy storage used in Ag-IoT platforms

The Economics of the Internet of Things in the Global South

While the Internet of Things (IoT) is not new, its key components are becoming increasingly affordable now, which makes the technology extremely attractive for the Global South. By collecting data from various IoT sources, combining them with data from other sources and using big data analytics, decisions can be made and actions can be taken that can have important economic, social, ecological and environmental implications in these countries. The most visible impacts of the IoT in these countries include improvements in agricultural and food systems, enhancement of environmental security and resource conservation, achievement of better healthcare, public health and medicine, and enhancement of the efficiency of key industries. This paper provides an overview of how the IoT is currently being used in the Global South. It also discusses the opportunities and challenges that IoT initiatives present there. The analysis indicates that the IoT may address some of the institutional bottlenecks, technological challenges and key sources of high transaction costs. On the other hand, various sources of underdevelopment may act as barriers to full utilisation of the IoT

Smart ports: towards a high performance, increased productivity, and a better environment

Ports are currently competing fiercely for capital and global investments in order to improve revenues, mostly by improving performance and lowering labor costs. Smart ports are a fantastic approach to realize these elements since they integrate information and communication technologies within smart applications, ultimately contributing to port management improvement. This leads to greater performance and lower operational expenses. As a result, several ports in Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America have gone smart. However, there are a lot of critical factors to consider when automating port operations, such as greenhouse gas emissions, which have reached alarming proportions. The purpose of this study is to define the most essential tasks conducted by smart ports, such as the smart ship industry, smart gantry and quayside container cranes, transport automation, smart containers, and energy efficiency. Furthermore, it gives a model of the smart port concept and highlights the critical current technologies on which the ports are based. Each technology’s most significant contributions to its development are noted. This technology is compared to more traditional technologies. It is hoped that this effort would pique the curiosity of fresh researchers in this sector