Coal: A Significant Factor in Germany’s Defeat in World War I

More than a hundred years have passed since the outbreak of the World War I, but there are still fundamental gaps in our understanding of the conflict. It has been generally recognized that the British blockade of Germany played the central role in bringing about Germany’s surrender. The German economy, industry and military came to suffer as a result of domestic shortages of all kinds, but especially of coal. In the gridlock of devastation and military force that had developed by 1916 coal came to represent a most effective tool of British allied force that Germany could not counter and so became a decisive factor in Germany’s collapse by 1918

Jan Czekanowski Anthropologist and Statistician

Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 dofinansowane zostało ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę

Light-Trap Catch of Insects in Connection with Environmental Factors

This chapter deals with the connection between the light-trap collection of insects and the environmental factors that influence the trapping. These factors are as follows: the solar activity and its effects on the Earth (solar activity featured by Q-Index and the 2800 MHz radio flux, ionospheric storms and atmospheric radio noises, the interplanetary magnetic field sector boundaries, UV-B radiation of the Sun and geomagnetic indices), the moon phases and the polarized moonlight, the weather (macrosynoptic weather situations, weather fronts and air masses, weather events, weather elements), and air pollutants. The presented results show that these all modify the volume of captured insects

The Russian Brassicaceae collection – from N.I. Vavilov and E.N. Sinskaya till nowadays

This article  presents the  history  of the  formation  of the  Russian state  Brassicaceae  collection  maintained at  the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR). Nowadays this one of the world’s richest collections encompasses more than 10,750 accessions of different status from 32 species and 11 genera: vegetable, fodder, oilseed, spicy, ornamental crops and continues to grow through collecting missions and exchange of material. The first intraspecific botanical  and agrobiological ecologo-geographical divisions of many crops – cole, turnip, radish, small radish, Swede – were performed by E.N. Sinskaya and T.V. Lizgunova over years of research. These unique works have been continued by M.A. Shebalina and L.V. Sazonova: the cultivar types of Chinese cabbage and pakchoi have been determined; the development of the classifications of white cabbage, broccoli, small radish, turnip is being  continued. The objective laws of variability of valuable biochemical  traits are presented; a comparative analysis of nutritive and biologically active substances, primarily secondary metabolites, allowed us to determine specific biochemical  compounds: those common for the related  species Brassica oleracea and B. rapa but occurring in them at different frequencies and those unique for species, subspecies and separate cultivar types; this is the beginning of taxonomic studies. With phytopathological studies, the common diseases of Brassicas in the northwestern part of Russia were determined, and the level of their distribution and development depending on the crop was shown. Genetic studies of the Brassicaceae collections at VIR include DNA analysis to search for duplicates in the collections, to compare original seeds  and the seeds  after reproduction and to assess the authenticity of saved accessions, to assess biodiversity, including that of new material from collecting missions, to develop phylogenetic studies. Chromosome loci controlling flowering time, morphological and biochemical  traits were determined by QTL analysis and association mapping, the molecular  markers found  are used for screening the collection and breeding material. The sources and donors of traits valuable for modern breeding directions have been found for use in various breeding programs

Ferenc Kozár – A dedicated and prolific worker on scale insects

At the XII Meeting of the International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies, delegates and coccidologists worldwide congratulate Dr Ferenc Kozár for his work on scale insects during over 40 years of concentrated study. Ferenc is well known for his contributions to economic and taxonomic work on scale insects. He entered the Agricultural University in Budapest, Hungary, in 1962, and then the University of Leningrad (now St Petersburg) and returned to Hungary where he has been employed as Research Scientist and then Head of the Department of Zoology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest until 1990. He then became Research Consultant, a position he has held since. His list of publications includes nine books and about 220 papers in scientific journals. He has described 13 new family-group names, 32 new genera, and about 175 new species. Much of this work has been done since 1990. We expect a steady flow of publications in the future

Experiments in Cultural Food Patterns and Customs

The circumstances under which one eats are largely determined by the culture. Food habits may have existed for centuries, and such a heritage may account for great conser- vatism in accepting change. These patterns reflect the social organization of the people. including their economy, religion, beliefs about the health properties of certain foods. and attitudes toward various members of the family. The emotional reactions to the consumption of certain foods may be so deeply rooted that effecting acceptance of them is almost impossible. Cultural food patterns exist particularly with- in oountrieso Perhaps nowhere in the world can one find so great a variety of foods and methods of preparation as in the United States. The dietary patterns are an amalgamation of the foods native to the region and the habits and customs handed down by generations of foreign born. Taking these facts into consideration, the author felt a need and a desire to undertake a study of cultural foods as an Honors Project. Some goals and purposes are as follow: (1.) To learn characteristic food patterns and habits of cultures by actual kitchen preparation. (2.) To become familiar with cultural foods as an optional course for American Dietetic Association membership. (3.) To collect magazine and newspaper articles pertaining to food habits and patterns. These will be preserved in a scrapbook for future reference. (4.) To become familiar with new foods and flavors. (5.) To gain skill in planning and evaluating meals. Each experiment follows the same basic pattern. The procedure was to research characteristics of each culture, plan and prepare the meal, and evaluate afterwards. Magazine and newspaper articles pertaining to food patterns were collected for the scrapbook. The key to score for evaluation remained the same for each experiment, and the same three persons scored each meal. Four factors: appearance, texture, flavor, and odor were used to judge each meal

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations. A second report to Congress on agriculture in Alaska, including reports by C. C. Georgeson and Walter H. Evans.

Agriculture in Alaska. 27 Jan. HD 169,55-3, v26, 58p. [3768] farming would aid the Alaskan natives

D.M. Ferry & Co\u27s Universal Almanac and Seed Catalogue, 1880

D.M Ferry & Co\u27s Universal Almanac and Annual Descriptive Catalogue of Garden and Flower Seeds for 1880 published by D.M. Ferry and Company of Detroit, Michigan. The catalogue features drawings of the cultivation of the seed crops by women employees. Pages 23-24 are missing.https://digitalcommons.memphis.edu/speccoll-pub-us/1070/thumbnail.jp

Struggling Readers In The Regular Classroom: A Personal Reflection

Eclecticism, a common alternative to the model of unique instruction, holds that multiple perspectives and approaches will be necessary to accommodate the needs of children who possess differences in abilities and learning histories (Kameenui, 1993, p. 376-383). Here teachers select the best teaching and learning activities from various approaches to literacy as a means of meeting the diverse needs of learners