Supporting document management in complex multitask environments

In this thesis, the challenges for the support of information workers in the domain of personal information management are addressed. In Chapter 1 three major challenges are identified: 1) information overload and fragmentation, 2) multitasking within an unstructured, frequently interrupted workflow, and 3) increasing mobility demand. It has been argued that dedicated support of current needs in personal information management will help to overcome the challenges, reduce information and cognitive overload, and facilitate performance of information workers. Investigating the current needs of information workers, one has to focus on those that are currently supported by paper document management and transfer the mechanisms of this support to the digital domain. Our studies have addressed the role of paper documents in dealing with each of the three identified challenges. In the first study, presented in Chapter 2, paper document management has been discussed in relation with information overload and fragmentation. The study used contextual interviewing technique, with participants interviewed at their workplace. The results showed that information workers keep actively using task-related collections of paper documents. By grouping task-related documents from different origins together, information workers create a representation of a "stable state" within a task, which helps to resume the task after an interruption that is almost inevitable in a multitasking environment. To investigate task-switching patterns, related to document manipulation, and factors influencing the occurrence of the patterns, an observational study was performed, described in Chapter 3. This study identified eight task switching patterns, which varied in the explicitness of an indication of a task state in the environment and in the level of subject’s activity directed to indicate the task state at the moments of switching. Among the identified influencing factors, the reason for the switch (self-switching or external interruption) had an effect on the occurrence of subjectactive patterns. Self-switching usually resulted in user-active document manipulation in the environment which could not be observed during external interruptions. The domain where the last action was performed also had an influence on the switching pattern, with active manipulation of documents occurring more often in the physical than in the digital domain. It has been concluded that, while switching tasks in an unstructured multitasking workflow, manipulation of paper documents plays an important role in creating a stable state at the moments of switching between tasks. We hypothesized that paper documents possess visually distinctive attributes that are associated with the semantics of the related tasks. By manipulating task-related documents at the moments of task switching, these visually distinctive attributes change, reflecting the changes in the task state. This hypothesis has been tested in a study using triad elicitation interview technique in combination with laddering, presented in Chapter 4. As a result, we developed a clustered model of relationships among identified visual cues of paper documents and semantic judgments of the tasks. The relationships among clusters have been analyzed based on three criteria: content-dependency, flexibility, and effort, which together define ease of manipulation for each cluster of visual cues. It has been concluded that physical environment, in particular, task-relevant paper documents, allow flexible encoding of task-related semantic cues into available environmental visual cues. This mechanism needs to be transferred to the digital domain, especially to support mobility of information workers. This research suggested that the extensive use of paper documents in the digital era can be largely explained by the embodiment of paper as a part of physical environment in which a human acts. Chapter 5 summarized the results of all studies into a set of requirements for the design of a personal information management system. We proposed a layered framework for presenting the requirements from the point of view of task decomposition and discussed the needs of the information workers related to each layer. For each of the aforementioned layers within the framework, requirements for the design of a digital system were presented and discussed in detail. Chapter 6 revised the challenges discussed in Chapter 1 from the point of view of the findings, summarized methodology and contribution of the research and reflected on the most prominent results

The interplay between organizational polychronicity, multitasking behaviors and organizational identification: A mixed-methods study in knowledge intensive organizations

This paper investigates how individual perceptions and attitudes about an organization influence multitasking behaviors in the workplace. While we know that individuals are significantly influenced in their behaviors by the characteristics of their organizations (e.g. ICTs, organizational structure, physical layout), we still do not know much about how the way individuals interpret their organization influences their multitasking behaviors. Thus, we specifically hypothesize that the individual perception of the organizational preferences for multitasking (i.e. organizational polychronicity) engenders the actual multitasking behaviors that an individual enacts in the workplace. We also hypothesize that the attachment to the organization (i.e. organizational identification) moderates the above relationship. We conducted a mixed method study in two knowledge intensive organizations (an R&D unit and a university department) and collected data through a survey, diaries, and semi-structured interviews. Our findings support the first hypothesis but not the moderating role of organizational identification. However, this latter is directly related to how much a person is willing to work on multiple activities on a single day. Further, our study suggests that not only the organizational context should be investigated in the study of multitasking behaviors, but also the larger work context, including the individuals’ professional communities. We conclude with a discussion of theoretical and practical implications as well as methodological reflections on mixing methods in the study of multitasking in organizations

A Less Simple View of Reading: The Role of Inhibition and Working Memory in the Decoding-Comprehension Relationship

The present study examines the influencing effect of executive functions, specifically inhibition and working memory, on the relationship between decoding and reading comprehension. The current research suggests that the decoding-comprehension relationship is likely more complex than past theoretical models have postulated. Recently, the idea that non-linguistic cognitive skills may be responsible for this relationship has gained traction. As a part of the NHLP, a longitudinal cohort study conducted in New Haven, Connecticut, 256 students were asked to complete reading and executive function measures, as the children progressed through grade 1 and 2. These measures included tasks independently designed to assess decoding, working memory, inhibition and vocabulary, as well as two separate measures of reading comprehension. Results showed that inhibition acted as a significant mediator in both the decoding-comprehension and vocabulary-comprehension relationships. The results also showed that working memory acted as a significant moderator of the direct effect in the decoding-comprehension relationship, but did not moderate the vocabulary-comprehension relationship. These findings support the idea that decoding and language alone are not solely responsible for reading comprehension performance, and that other non-linguistic factors must be taken into consideration. Better understanding the decoding-comprehension relationship has important implications for teaching practice, and early identification and intervention required for exceptional learners

Can ubiquity moderate m-banking resource-related negative effects?

El objetivo de este estudio es explorar la influencia de los inconvenientes de la banca móvil relacionados con la falta de recursos en la satisfacción de los clientes, su disposición a recibir marketing móvil de permiso y la emisión de boca-oreja. Analizando una muestra de 1429 usuarios de banca móvil, determinamos que la satisfacción de los clientes influye en su disposición a recibir marketing móvil de permiso y emitir boca-oreja, mientras que la disposición a recibir marketing móvil de permiso tiene un efecto positivo sobre la emisión de boca-oreja. Siendo la ubicuidad un atributo distintivo de la banca móvil, observamos su papel moderador, identificando que hay clientes que consideran la ubicuidad como una característica importante de la banca móvil, mientras que otros no la consideran relevante. Este estudio propone recomendaciones para mejorar el uso de los servicios de la banca móvil, evitando o disminuyendo los efectos negativos de sus inconvenientes.The objective of this study is to explore the influence of m-banking resource-related inadequacies on clients’ satisfaction with the banking services, their permission-based mobile marketing tendencies and word-of-mouth emission actions. Analysing a sample of 1429 users of mobile banking services, we determined that clients’ satisfaction influences their willingness to receive permission-based mobile marketing and to emit word-of-mouth, while the willingness to receive permission-based mobile marketing has a positive effect on the word-of-mouth emission. In order not to overlook the ubiquity as a distinguishing attribute of m-banking services, we observe its moderating role, identifying clients who consider ubiquity as an important m-banking characteristic and others who do not consider it relevant. Hence, attending the opinion of actual m-banking clients, this study proposes suggestions for improving the use of m-banking services by avoiding or lessening the negative effects of m-banking resource-related inadequacies

Influences of Display Design and Task Management Strategy on Situation Awareness, Performance, and Workload in Process Control Environments

Process control environments demand well informed high performing human monitors to maintain effectual control of multiple processes. Most research aims to satisfy this requirement through the evaluation of competing heuristic-based display design constructs. Contrary to that method, this study takes a novel approach by examining both factors internal and external to the human observer to identify where beneficial outcomes actually reside. External factors explore the underlying design construct attributes, while internal factors focus on the effect of operator task management strategy, age, and experience. Results from this study present several key findings relative to operator situation awareness, performance, and workload. Findings suggest the specific manner in which external information is presented and oriented on a process control room display is inconsequential toward situation awareness and performance. Further, operator preferred task management strategy has a profound effect on their performance and experienced workload, while exhibiting only a mild effect on situation awareness. In most cases, an Adaptive Attack strategy produces desirable results, while an Adaptive Avoidance does not. Interleaving and Multitasking fall between these two extremes. Lastly, findings indicate subject variables, age and experience have negative effects on overall situation awareness and system deviation prediction times

Unattended network operations technology assessment study. Technical support for defining advanced satellite systems concepts

The results are summarized of an unattended network operations technology assessment study for the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI). The scope of the work included: (1) identified possible enhancements due to the proposed Mars communications network; (2) identified network operations on Mars; (3) performed a technology assessment of possible supporting technologies based on current and future approaches to network operations; and (4) developed a plan for the testing and development of these technologies. The most important results obtained are as follows: (1) addition of a third Mars Relay Satellite (MRS) and MRS cross link capabilities will enhance the network's fault tolerance capabilities through improved connectivity; (2) network functions can be divided into the six basic ISO network functional groups; (3) distributed artificial intelligence technologies will augment more traditional network management technologies to form the technological infrastructure of a virtually unattended network; and (4) a great effort is required to bring the current network technology levels for manned space communications up to the level needed for an automated fault tolerance Mars communications network

Automation bias and prescribing decision support – rates, mediators and mitigators

Purpose: Computerised clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are implemented within healthcare settings as a method to improve clinical decision quality, safety and effectiveness, and ultimately patient outcomes. Though CDSSs tend to improve practitioner performance and clinical outcomes, relatively little is known about specific impact of inaccurate CDSS output on clinicians. Although there is high heterogeneity between CDSS types and studies, reviews of the ability of CDSS to prevent medication errors through incorrect decisions have generally been consistently positive, working by improving clinical judgement and decision making. However, it is known that the occasional incorrect advice given may tempt users to reverse a correct decision, and thus introduce new errors. These systematic errors can stem from Automation Bias (AB), an effect which has had little investigation within the healthcare field, where users have a tendency to use automated advice heuristically. Research is required to assess the rate of AB, identify factors and situations involved in overreliance and propose says to mitigate risk and refine the appropriate usage of CDSS; this can provide information to promote awareness of the effect, and ensure the maximisation of the impact of benefits gained from the implementation of CDSS. Background: A broader literature review was carried out coupled with a systematic review of studies investigating the impact of automated decision support on user decisions over various clinical and non-clinical domains. This aimed to identify gaps in the literature and build an evidence-based model of reliance on Decision Support Systems (DSS), particularly a bias towards over-using automation. The literature review and systematic review revealed a number of postulates - that CDSS are socio-technical systems, and that factors involved in CDSS misuse can vary from overarching social or cultural factors, individual cognitive variables to more specific technology design issues. However, the systematic review revealed there is a paucity of deliberate empirical evidence for this effect. The reviews identified the variables involved in automation bias to develop a conceptual model of overreliance, the initial development of an ontology for AB, and ultimately inform an empirical study to investigate persuasive potential factors involved: task difficulty, time pressure, CDSS trust, decision confidence, CDSS experience and clinical experience. The domain of primary care prescribing was chosen within which to carry out an empirical study, due to the evidence supporting CDSS usefulness in prescribing, and the high rate of prescribing error. Empirical Study Methodology: Twenty simulated prescribing scenarios with associated correct and incorrect answers were developed and validated by prescribing experts. An online Clinical Decision Support Simulator was used to display scenarios to users. NHS General Practitioners (GPs) were contacted via emails through associates of the Centre for Health Informatics, and through a healthcare mailing list company. Twenty-six GPs participated in the empirical study. The study was designed so each participant viewed and gave prescriptions for 20 prescribing scenarios, 10 coded as “hard” and 10 coded as “medium” prescribing scenarios (N = 520 prescribing cases were answered overall). Scenarios were accompanied by correct advice 70% of the time, and incorrect advice 30% of the time (in equal proportions in either task difficulty condition). Both the order of scenario presentation and the correct/incorrect nature of advice were randomised to prevent order effects. The planned time pressure condition was dropped due to low response rate. Results: To compare with previous literature which took overall decisions into account, taking individual cases into account (N=520), the pre advice accuracy rate of the clinicians was 50.4%, which improved to 58.3% post advice. The CDSS improved the decision accuracy in 13.1% of prescribing cases. The rate of AB, as measured by decision switches from correct pre advice, to incorrect post advice was 5.2% of all cases at a CDSS accuracy rate of 70% - leading to a net improvement of 8%. However, the above by-case type of analysis may not enable generalisation of results (but illustrates rates in this specific situation); individual participant differences must be taken into account. By participant (N = 26) when advice was correct, decisions were more likely to be switched to a correct prescription, when advice was incorrect decisions were more likely to be switched to an incorrect prescription. There was a significant correlation between decision switching and AB error. By participant, more immediate factors such as trust in the specific CDSS, decision confidence, and task difficulty influenced rate of decision switching. Lower clinical experience was associated with more decision switching (but not higher AB rate). The rate of AB was somewhat problematic to analyse due to low number of instances – the effect could potentially have been greater. The between subjects effect of time pressure could not be investigated due to low response rate. Age, DSS experience and trust in CDSS generally were not significantly associated with decision switching. Conclusion: There is a gap in the current literature investigating inappropriate CDSS use, but the general literature supports an interactive multi-factorial aetiology for automation misuse. Automation bias is a consistent effect with various potential direct and indirect causal factors. It may be mitigated by altering advice characteristics to aid clinicians’ awareness of advice correctness and support their own informed judgement – this needs further empirical investigation. Users’ own clinical judgement must always be maintained, and systems should not be followed unquestioningly

focusing on groupthink and collective intelligence aspect

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공, 2020. 8. 황준석.Knowledge is one of the important sources for the progress of mankind. The importance of knowledge has long been emphasized in various fields, and over time independent experts, systems, and studies dealing only with knowledge have emerged. The recent rapid development of technology required more quantity and quality knowledge in our society, and the knowledge became a competitive itself. The old knowledge creation process had highlighted a person's role. In particular, the creation of knowledge by a small group of experts, by excellent individuals, has contributed the most to the production of knowledge. However, the emergence of online spaces due to information and communication technologies and the use of big data have begun to change the human knowledge creation process unprecedentedly. The production of knowledge based on individual capability gradually began to be replaced by new technologies and crowds. The combination of new technology proposed a new intellectual system called collective intelligence, which was utilized as the main drivers of decision making and knowledge generation in modern social organizations. However, collective intelligence had some limitations. First, the integration of individual knowledge is difficult because collective intelligence generally represents a high level of decentralization and horizontal hierarchy. A new method of knowledge integration for collective intelligence was required because a simple method of opinion integration, such as the majority rule, could hinder synergetic effects of collective intelligence and could rather result in defective knowledge by groupthink. Another problem is the evaluation of knowledge. The evaluation of knowledge becomes more important when the problem has no single optimal solution. Since an organization without an appropriate level of criticism and evaluation is difficult to produce quality knowledge. Thats why different methods are required to evaluate individual and organizational knowledge. In addition, in order to produce knowledge successfully, various conditions must be satisfied. For that reason, most of the prior studies on collective intelligence have focused on the conditions of successful collective intelligence. What if the conditions of collective intelligence are not satisfied? The answer to this was in the concept of groupthink introduced before the concept of collective intelligence. Groupthink is defined as a group tendency overlooking criticism, evaluation and consideration of alternatives in order to achieve organizational consensus. Groupthink, contrary to collective intelligence, has been pointed out as a source for the failure of organizational decision-making. So, the relevant studies have focused on finding solutions to identify and solve the causes of groupthink in order to prevent organizational fiasco. The goal of this dissertation is to understand the way for organizational knowledge creation based on two concepts: groupthink and collective intelligence. In order to complete my research goal, three small topics were raised. First, we have to account for groupthink phenomenon which has been the most pervasively used as one of the major sources of group failures. Second, the bridge between groupthink and collective intelligence should be built for finding out the factors enhancing organizational knowledge creation. Third, some strategical aspects are needed. From the self-organization and socio-technological perspective, this dissertation proposes an effective strategy for organizational knowledge creation. The first study in chapter 3 tried to give an answer to the first topic, Can we eliminate groupthink from the organization?. Based on the different perspectives of groupthink proposed in chapter 3, switching factors that transform groupthink into collective intelligence are derived. In chapter 4, we discuss the effect of switching factors and efficient strategies using them. Findings in chapter 4 can give an answer to the question Is there any link between groupthink and collective intelligence?. Chapter 5, the last study of this dissertation, aims to propose effective strategies for the use of technologies such as big data analytics and online platform. More details of each study are shown below. The first study, "Is groupthink really inevitable?": focusing on the self-organization mechanism, is about the emergent mechanism of groupthink. The study covers two topics in detail. The first is to verify Janis' groupthink model the most well-known. This presented the limitations of Janis' linear model of groupthink and suggested the need for different perspectives. The second was to simulation of groupthink phenomenon occurrence from a self-organization perspective. The results of the simulation experiments showed that groupthink is a phenomenon that can occur naturally in cooperative situations. The findings of this study show that it is more important to make the collective thinking phenomenon productive through appropriate measures than to completely eliminate it from the organization. The goal of the second study, that is titled "The Optimal Strategy of Organizational Knowledge Creation in Groupthink Situation", is twofold. First, identifying the switching factors for the organization in groupthink to transform into collective intelligence, and secondly, investigating the optimal strategy utilizing the switching factors. In this study, three factors were derived from the previous literature: knowledge conflict, reconsideration of alternatives, and organizational memory. To verify the effects of the three switching factors, an agent-based model simulation was conducted, and the results showed that all switching factors were effective in improving the quality of organizational knowledge, but not in the diversity. In order to derive the optimal strategy based on switching factors, the meta-data of the simulation was used to perform the meta-frontier analysis. The results show that the combination of knowledge conflict and reconsideration has the highest efficiency, whereas the combination of knowledge conflict and organizational knowledge has the lowest efficiency. The last study, "The effect of the use of emerging technologies on the organizational knowledge creation: focusing on the use of big data analysis and online platform," identified how the use of new technology affects the production of organizational knowledge. The study focused on the use of big data and the use of online platforms. Based on the survey data, the impacts of the use of each technology on the groupthink and collective intelligence were identified. Through the above studies, this paper put forward the method of improving the efficiency of the organizational knowledge creation process. Guidelines for establishing organizational strategies using switching factors can be suggested, and the level of use of big data and online platforms can be suggested to encourage collective intelligence.지식은 인류의 진보를 위한 중요한 원천 중 하나이다. 지식의 중요성 동안 다양한 분야에서, 시간이 지나면서 독립 전문가들, 시스템 및 연구 결과는 오로지 지식을 다루는 등장했다 강조되고 있다. 최근 기술의 급속한 발전은 우리 사회에 더 많은 양과 질 높은 지식을 필요로 했고, 그 지식은 경쟁 자체가 되었다. 초기의 지식 창출 과정은 개인 또는 소수의 전문가 집단의 역할을 강조했다. 특히 전문가들의 훌륭한 개인이 작은 규모에 의해 지식의 창출, 지식의 생산에 가장 기여한다고 여겨져 왔다. 그러나, 온라인상에서 공간 정보 통신 기술 출현 및 빅 데이터의 사용은 전례 없이 인간의 지식 생산 과정을 바꾸기 시작했다. 지식의 생산 개인 능력에 따라 점차 새로운 기술과 많은 사람들에 의해 대체되기 시작했다. 새로운 기술과 조직 협력의 조합은 조직적 의사 결정의 주요 동인으로 활용되는 새로운 지식 시스템인 집단 지성이라고 불리는 방안을 제안되기 시작했다. 이러한 방식은 현대 사회 조직들의 지식 창출의 중요한 축을 담당하고 있다. 위키피디아는 온라인 플랫폼 이 집단 지성을 이용하는 가장 성공적인 분야이다. 이 플랫폼은 무작위의 사람들이 참여하며, 단지 지식과 수정 저장될 수 있는 인터페이스를 준다. 세계적으로 가장 큰 지식 플랫폼인 위키피디아의 성공은 군중 속에서 지식 전문가 집단의 개입 없이 통합된 상호작용으로써 이지식 생태계의 높은 수준을 만든다는 것을 증명했으며, 또한 지식 창출의 주 동력이 재능 있는 개인들 에서 조직으로 옮겨 가고 있다는 걸 증명하였다. 하지만 집단 지성의 일부 한계 가지고 있었다. 첫째, 집단 지성은 일반적으로 높은 수준의 분권화와 수평 계층 구조를 갖기 때문에, 개별 지식의 통합 어렵다. 단순한 의견 통합 방식은 집단지성의 상승효과를 방해하고 집단사고로 인한 결함 있는 지식 생산을 야기할 수 있기 때문에, 집단지성을 위한 새로운 지식 통합 방식이 요구된다. 또 다른 문제는 지식의 평가에 있다. 특히 지식에 대한 평가는 문제가 하나의 해결책을 갖지 않을 때 더욱 중요해진다. 이것이 새로운 지식 평가 방식이 필요한 이유이다. 또한 지식 생산을 성공적으로 달성하기 위해서는 다양한 조건들이 충족되어야 한다. 그 때문에 집단 지능에 관한 선행연구의 대부분은 성공적인 집단 지능의 조건에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 만약 집단지성의 조건이 충족되지 않는다면? 이에 대한 해답은 집단지능 관점이 채택되기 전에 도입된 집단 사고의 개념에 있었다. 집단 사고는 조직의 합의를 이루기 위해 대안에 대한 비판, 평가 및 고려를 간과하는 집단적 경향으로 정의된다. 집단 사고는 집단지성과는 달리 조직적 의사결정 실패의 원인으로 지적되어 왔다. 그래서 관련 연구는 조직적인 실패를 막기 위해 집단 사고의 원인을 규명하고 해결할 해결책을 찾는 데 초점을 맞추고 있다. 그러나 집단지성과 집단적 사고는 모두 조직적 지식 창출이나 의사결정의 과정에서 자연스럽게 발생하는 현상이다. 하지만 집단사고의 원인을 찾는 것이 진정한 해결책이 될 수 있는지에 대해서는 의문이 존재한다. 집단 지성과 집단사고 현상은 조직의 지식창출 또는 의사결정 과정에서 발생한다. 그들의 결과물과 무관하게, 조직은 그들의 목표달성을 위하여 꾸준히 지식창출 행위를 수행해야 한다. 그러나 문제는 결과에 대한 평가가 이루어지기 이전에는 그들의 조직이 현재 집단사고와 집단지성 중 어떤 상황에 있는지를 알아내기가 어렵다는 점이다. 수 많은 연구들이 조직 지식 창출과 관리를 효과적으로 하기 위하여 이론과 가설들을 제시하여 왔다. 그러나 불행히도 집단사고와 집단지성의 전환의 관점에서 이루어진 연구는 거의 없었다. 이 논문의 목적은 집단 사고와 집단 지성이라는 두 가지 개념을 바탕으로 조직 지식 창출의 방법을 이해하는 것이다. 나의 연구목표를 완성하기 위해 세 가지 작은 주제가 제기되었다. 첫째, 우리는 집단 실패의 주요 원인 중 하나로 가장 널리 사용되어 온 집단 사고 현상을 고려해야 한다. 둘째, 집단 사고와 집단지성을 연결하는 다리는 조직 지식 창조를 강화하는 요인을 찾아내기 위해 세워져야 한다. 셋째, 몇 가지 전략적인 측면이 필요하다. 자기 조직화와 사회 기술적 관점에서 본 논문은 조직 지식 창출을 위한 효과적인 전략을 제안한다. 제3장의 첫 번째 연구는 '조직에서 집단 사고를 없앨 수 있을까?'라는 첫 번째 주제에 대한 답을 주려고 노력했다. 제3장에서 제안된 집단 사고의 다른 관점들에 근거하여 집단 사고의 집단지성으로 전환하는 요인을 도출한다. 제4장에서는 전환 요인의 효과와 이를 이용한 효율적인 전략에 대해 논한다. 제4장에서의 결과들은 '집단 사고와 집단지능 사이에 어떤 연관성이 있는가?'라는 질문에 대한 답을 줄 수 있다. 제5장 본 논문의 마지막 연구에서는 빅데이터 분석, 온라인 플랫폼 등의 기술 활용을 위한 효과적인 전략을 제안하는 것을 목표로 한다. 각 연구의 자세한 내용은 다음과 같다, 첫 번째 연구 "Is groupthink really inevitable?: based on self-organization aspect"는 집단 사고의 긴급한 메커니즘에 관한 것이다. 이 연구는 두 가지 주제를 상세히 다루고 있다. 첫번째는 Janis의 집단 사고 모델을 가장 잘 알려진 것으로 검증하는 것이다. 이것은 집단 사고에 대한 Janis의 선형 모델의 한계를 제시하고 다른 관점의 필요성을 제시했다. 두 번째는 자기 조직적 관점에서 집단 사고 현상이 발생하는 시뮬레이션이었다. 시뮬레이션 실험의 결과는 집단 사고가 협력적인 상황에서 자연스럽게 일어날 수 있는 현상이라는 것을 보여주었다. 이 연구의 결과는 집단적 사고 현상을 조직으로부터 완전히 제거하는 것보다 적절한 조치를 통해 생산적으로 만드는 것이 더 중요하다는 것을 보여준다. 두 번째 연구인 "The optimal knowledge creation strategy of organizations in groupthink situations"의 목표는 두 가지다. 첫째, 집단사고에서 조직의 전환 요인을 파악하여 집단지능으로 전환하고, 둘째, 전환 요인을 활용한 최적 전략을 조사한다. 본 연구에서는 지식 충돌, 대안의 재고, 조직 기억의 세 가지 요소가 선행 문헌들에서 도출되었다. 세 가지 전환 요인의 효과를 검증하기 위해 행위자 기반 모델 시뮬레이션을 실시하였고, 그 결과 모든 전환 요인이 조직 지식의 질을 향상시키는 데 효과적으로 나타났으나 다양성 증대에는 큰 효과가 없었다. 전환 요인에 기초한 최적의 전략을 도출하기 위해, 시뮬레이션의 메타 데이터를 활용하여 메타 프런티어 분석을 수행했다. 그 결과는 지식 충돌과 대안의 재고의 조합이 가장 효율성이 높은 반면 지식 충돌과 조직 기억의 조합은 효율성이 가장 낮다는 것을 보여준다. 마지막 연구인 "Effect of emerging technologies on the organizational knowledge creation: the use of big data analytics and online platforms"는 연구에서는 신기술의 활용이 조직 지식의 생산에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 파악했다. 이 연구는 빅데이터의 사용과 온라인 플랫폼 사용에 초점을 맞췄다. 조사 데이터를 바탕으로 각 기술이 집단 사고와 집단 지능에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 본 논문은 상기 연구를 통해 조직 지식창출 과정의 효율성을 높이고 조직 전략과 기술적 측면의 양질의 지식을 창출하는 방법을 제시했다. 전환 요인을 활용한 조직 전략 수립 가이드라인을 제시하고, 빅데이터 분석 기술의 활용과 온라인 플랫폼의 활용을 통해 사회기술적(socio-technology) 관점에서의 전략을 제시한다.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research background 1 1.2 Problem statement 3 1.3 Research objective 4 1.4 Research question 7 1.5 Research outline 9 Chapter 2. Literature review 12 2.1 Creation of organizational knowledge 12 2.2 Groupthink 15 2.2.1 Criticisms on empirical evidence 18 2.2.2 Criticisms on framework 19 2.3 Collective intelligence 22 2.4 Switching factors 27 2.4.1 Knowledge conflict 30 2.4.2 Reconsideration of alternatives 32 2.4.3 Organizational memory 33 2.5 Technology and organizational knowledge 35 2.5.1 Big data analytics 35 2.5.1 Online platforms 37 Chapter 3. Is groupthink really inevitable?: based on self-organization aspect 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Revisiting Janis groupthink model 47 3.2.1 Evidence of Janis groupthink model 47 3.2.2 Data 48 3.2.3 Measurement 52 3.2.4 Retesting Janis groupthink model 54 3.3 Groupthink simulation model 55 3.3.1 Overview 57 3.3.2 Design concept 72 3.3.3 Details 73 3.4 Simulation results 82 3.4.1 No interaction model 82 3.4.2 Interaction model (baseline model) 84 3.4.3 Groupthink models 87 3.5 Discussion 90 3.5.1 The effect of group cohesiveness 91 3.5.2 The effect of structural faults 93 3.5.3 Inevitability of groupthink 93 Chapter 4. Comparing the better knowledge creation strategy of organizations in groupthink situations 95 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Effect of switching factor 100 4.2.1 Overview 101 4.2.2 Details 116 4.3 Simulation result 120 4.3.1 Reference model 120 4.3.2 Knowledge optimization and knowledge bias 121 4.3.3 Quality of knowledge and average utility 125 4.4 Finding the optimal strategy 128 4.4.1 Meta-frontier analysis 128 4.4.2 Comparison of strategies using switching factors 132 4.5 Discussion 134 4.6 Conclusion and limitations 139 Chapter 5. Effect of emerging technologies on the organizational knowledge creation: the use of big data analytics and online platforms 140 5.1 Introduction 140 5.2 Technology and organizational knowledge creation 146 5.2.1 Organizational knowledge creation 147 5.2.2 Big data analytics 148 5.2.3 Online platform 150 5.2.4 Task complexity 154 5.3 The effect of technology usage 155 5.3.1 Data 155 5.3.2 Measurement 157 5.3.3 Regression model 163 5.3.4 Result: the effect of the use of technology 164 5.4 Discussion 171 Chapter 6. Conclusion and implications 175 6.1 Conclusions 175 6.1.1 Overall summary 175 6.1.2 Main findings 188 6.2 Implications 188 6.3 Utilization 193 6.3.1 Firm 193 6.3.2 Policy 195 References 196 Appendix 258 Abstract (Korean) 289Docto

Personality, Technology, and Learning

Computers continued encroachment on today’s society can be seen in a college lecture hall, where a growing number of students use laptops for their academic needs. Current academic laptop use research predominantly makes broad generalizations across users, indicating that laptop use in the classroom has negative influences on academic outcomes. However, this research neglects to take into account possible individual differences in the users. It is hypothesized that students\u27 levels of conscientiousness and impulsivity would moderate the relationship between laptop use and academic performance, while a student’s multitasking experience would mediate this same relationship, forming a moderated mediation model. Using an online sample of college aged students (N= 195), the hypothesized moderated mediation model was not supported. Students\u27 levels of conscientiousness or impulsivity do not moderate the relationship between laptop use and academic performance, and a student’s multitasking experience does not mediate this same relationship

Exploring the interactions underlying flow states: A connecting analysis of flow occurrence in European Tour golfers

Objectives: Research to date has identified a range of factors suggested to facilitate flow states in sport. However, less attention has focused on how exactly those facilitating factors influence the occurrence of flow. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the specific ways in which such facilitators influenced flow occurrence in European Tour golfers. Design: Qualitative design. Method: Ten full-time golfers from the European Tour (M age=37; SD=13.08) participated in semi-structured interviews investigating the occurrence of their flow states. Data were interpreted using an iterative process of thematic and connecting analyses. Results: Ten facilitators of flow were identified, of which commitment and the caddie have not been reported previously. Twenty four connecting links were identified in the data, through which the caddie, effective preparation, and high-quality performance appeared to be most influential for flow occurrence. Confidence and concentration also emerged as key constructs underlying the flow experience in this setting. Conclusion: A central contribution of this study is the identification of ways in which facilitating factors could influence flow occurrence in elite golf. This process adds detail to understanding of flow occurrence, and moves beyond simply identifying factors which are associated with the experience. As such, connecting analysis is proposed as an additional strategy for qualitatively investigating flow occurrence in sport. Results are discussed in relation to previous literature, and recommendations are identified for researchers, athletes, coaches and practitioners