Distributed video coding for wireless video sensor networks: a review of the state-of-the-art architectures

Distributed video coding (DVC) is a relatively new video coding architecture originated from two fundamental theorems namely, Slepian–Wolf and Wyner–Ziv. Recent research developments have made DVC attractive for applications in the emerging domain of wireless video sensor networks (WVSNs). This paper reviews the state-of-the-art DVC architectures with a focus on understanding their opportunities and gaps in addressing the operational requirements and application needs of WVSNs

The Accuracy of Wireless Sensors in Detecting the leg Movements and Kicks of Young Typically Developing Infants: A Pilot Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Video-based behavior coding is the ‘gold-standard’ for identifying leg movements (LMs) and kicks in pre-walking infants. 3-D motion sensors have been successfully used to assess the frequency and quality of LMs in adults. Little research has been conducted to determine if 3-D motion sensors can accurately detect LMs and kicks produced by young infants. Therefore, the purpose of this pilot study was to compare the accuracy of wireless 3-D sensors to the current gold standard of behavior coded video-taped data to identify the LMs and kicks produced by pre-walking infants. METHODS: The spontaneous LMs and kicks of 4 typically developing infants who entered the study at 1 month of age were video-taped when they were supine with and without the wireless sensors attached to their thighs and shanks. The video-taped data was behavior coded via frame by frame analysis to identify each infant’s LMs and kicks in each condition. Custom Matlab programs, based on the mean peak acceleration and velocity of the infants’ LMs in each cardinal plane, were written to identify the LMs detected by the 3-D wireless sensors. RESULTS: Wearing the 3-D wireless sensors did not result in a significant change in the number of LMs and kicks generated by this small group of infants (p \u3c .05). Two sets of algorithms that relied on the peak acceleration and velocity of the infants’ LMs were written into the custom Matlab programs. These calculations revealed that the 3-D wireless sensors detected, on average, 89 to 93% of the LMs identified through the frame by frame behavior coding of the video-taped data. The wireless sensors placed on the distal thigh were slightly more accurate than the sensors placed on the distal shank DISCUSSION: These preliminary results are consistent with the literature regarding the use of 3- D wireless sensors to detect infant LMs. Although promising, these initial results need to be viewed cautiously given the small number of babies included in this pilot study. With additional data, we hope to make a recommendation regarding the clinical use of 3-D wireless sensors to monitor the LMs and kicks of young infants with and without disabilities in the near future

Distributed Coding/Decoding Complexity in Video Sensor Networks

Video Sensor Networks (VSNs) are recent communication infrastructures used to capture and transmit dense visual information from an application context. In such large scale environments which include video coding, transmission and display/storage, there are several open problems to overcome in practical implementations. This paper addresses the most relevant challenges posed by VSNs, namely stringent bandwidth usage and processing time/power constraints. In particular, the paper proposes a novel VSN architecture where large sets of visual sensors with embedded processors are used for compression and transmission of coded streams to gateways, which in turn transrate the incoming streams and adapt them to the variable complexity requirements of both the sensor encoders and end-user decoder terminals. Such gateways provide real-time transcoding functionalities for bandwidth adaptation and coding/decoding complexity distribution by transferring the most complex video encoding/decoding tasks to the transcoding gateway at the expense of a limited increase in bit rate. Then, a method to reduce the decoding complexity, suitable for system-on-chip implementation, is proposed to operate at the transcoding gateway whenever decoders with constrained resources are targeted. The results show that the proposed method achieves good performance and its inclusion into the VSN infrastructure provides an additional level of complexity control functionality

Telemedicine

Telemedicine is a rapidly evolving field as new technologies are implemented for example for the development of wireless sensors, quality data transmission. Using the Internet applications such as counseling, clinical consultation support and home care monitoring and management are more and more realized, which improves access to high level medical care in underserved areas. The 23 chapters of this book present manifold examples of telemedicine treating both theoretical and practical foundations and application scenarios

New Coding/Decoding Techniques for Wireless Communication Systems

Wireless communication encompasses cellular telephony systems (mobile communication), wireless sensor networks, satellite communication systems and many other applications. Studies relevant to wireless communication deal with maintaining reliable and efficient exchange of information between the transmitter and receiver over a wireless channel. The most practical approach to facilitate reliable communication is using channel coding. In this dissertation we propose novel coding and decoding approaches for practical wireless systems. These approaches include variable-rate convolutional encoder, modified turbo decoder for local content in Single-Frequency Networks, and blind encoder parameter estimation for turbo codes. On the other hand, energy efficiency is major performance issue in wireless sensor networks. In this dissertation, we propose a novel hexagonal-tessellation based clustering and cluster-head selection scheme to maximize the lifetime of a wireless sensor network. For each proposed approach, the system performance evaluation is also provided. In this dissertation the reliability performance is expressed in terms of bit-error-rate (BER), and the energy efficiency is expressed in terms of network lifetime

Artificial Intelligence Aided Receiver Design for Wireless Communication Systems

Physical layer (PHY) design in the wireless communication field realizes gratifying achievements in the past few decades, especially in the emerging cellular communication systems starting from the first generation to the fifth generation (5G). With the gradual increase in technical requirements of large data processing and end-to-end system optimization, introducing artificial intelligence (AI) in PHY design has cautiously become a trend. A deep neural network (DNN), one of the population techniques of AI, enables the utilization of its ‘learnable’ feature to handle big data and establish a global system model. In this thesis, we exploited this characteristic of DNN as powerful assistance to implement two receiver designs in two different use-cases. We considered a DNN-based joint baseband demodulator and channel decoder (DeModCoder), and a DNN-based joint equalizer, baseband demodulator, and channel decoder (DeTecModCoder) in two single operational blocks, respectively. The multi-label classification (MLC) scheme was equipped to the output of conducted DNN model and hence yielded lower computational complexity than the multiple output classification (MOC) manner. The functional DNN model can be trained offline over a wide range of SNR values under different types of noises, channel fading, etc., and deployed in the real-time application; therefore, the demands of estimation of noise variance and statistical information of underlying noise can be avoided. The simulation performances indicated that compared to the corresponding conventional receiver signal processing schemes, the proposed AI-aided receiver designs have achieved the same bit error rate (BER) with around 3 dB lower SNR

Wearable Wireless Devices

No abstract available

Wearable Wireless Devices

No abstract available