Substance-Related Disorders (Addiction)

Imam al-Qurtubi, born in 13th century Spain, is celebrated for his Qur’anic exegesis (tafsir). The 12-volume Tafsir Al Qurtubi is considered one of the preeminent classical works of exegesis, with its original aim being to help deduce juristic injunctions and rulings from the Qur’anic verses (Usmani, 1976). The following extract is Imam al-Qurtubi’s treatment of the Qur’anic verses dealing with the consumption of alcohol

DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale.

Since DSM-IV was published in 1994, its approach to substance use disorders has come under scrutiny. Strengths were identified (notably, reliability and validity of dependence), but concerns have also arisen. The DSM-5 Substance-Related Disorders Work Group considered these issues and recommended revisions for DSM-5. General concerns included whether to retain the division into two main disorders (dependence and abuse), whether substance use disorder criteria should be added or removed, and whether an appropriate substance use disorder severity indicator could be identified. Specific issues included possible addition of withdrawal syndromes for several substances, alignment of nicotine criteria with those for other substances, addition of biomarkers, and inclusion of nonsubstance, behavioral addictions.This article presents the major issues and evidence considered by the work group, which included literature reviews and extensive new data analyses. The work group recommendations for DSM-5 revisions included combining abuse and dependence criteria into a single substance use disorder based on consistent findings from over 200,000 study participants, dropping legal problems and adding craving as criteria, adding cannabis and caffeine withdrawal syndromes, aligning tobacco use disorder criteria with other substance use disorders, and moving gambling disorders to the chapter formerly reserved for substance-related disorders. The proposed changes overcome many problems, while further studies will be needed to address issues for which less data were available

The role of birth order in substance related disorders

This study was guided by two objectives. The first objective was to investigate which of the ordinal birth orders (one's chronological position with in their family of origin) was over represented within patients receiving treatment for addiction at a drugs rehabilitation centre. The second objective was to investigate whether psychological birth order (a person's perception of their ordinal birth order) was more prevalent in relation to substance related disorders. 28 male participants admitted in a rehabilitation centre were recruited for the study. Their age ranged from 18-50 years of age. The Psychological Birth Order Inventory (PBOI) by Campbell, White & Stewart (1991) was used to collect information concerning the participant's psychological birth order whilst Eckstein's 1977 ordinal birth order assessment question was used to derive information concerning the participants' ordinal position. In reference to the first objective, it was found that the youngest child was more likely to have a substance related disorder 33.3%, followed by the first and middle child who were just as likely to develop the disorder 28.6 % and lastly, an only child with a frequency of 7.6%.  In the second objective, it was found that majority of the participants rated themselves as psychological first borns with a frequency score of 51.9%.This was followed by ratings of the psychological middle child 22.2% and the psychological only  (11.1%) The interpretations and implications of the results have been discussed.Key words: psychology, birth order, performance, disorde

Substance Abuse and the Functioning of Transition-Aged Youth with Psychiatric Disorders

Summary: Youth who had serious emotional disturbances or psychiatric disorders in childhood or adolescence generally have poor young adult functioning. Substance-related disorders increase dramatically from early adolescence to early adulthood in this population. The present study examined the relative contribution of substance-related and psychiatric disorders to decreased young adult role functioning by examining 15-25 year old subjects in the National Comorbidity Study (NCS) in which 8,098 respondents, ages 15-54, from a nationally representative sample of community households were interviewed. Findings indicate that substance-related disorders alone account for some but not other differences in functioning. Relationship to services will be discussed Paper presented on March 2, 2004. Proceedings published in 2005. Link to handout at http://rtckids.fmhi.usf.edu/rtcconference/handouts/default.cfm?appid=171204

Attention to the people with substance-related disorders at spanish prisons

Trabajo fin de grado en EnfermeríaIntroducción: El consumo de drogas genera alteraciones a nivel biopsicosocial y puede dar lugar al ingreso en penitenciarías. La entrada en prisión supone un proceso de adaptación complejo, cuyas consecuencias aparecen durante la estancia en la penitenciaría y después de la misma, además de agravarse debido a la drogodependencia. Objetivo: Conocer la evidencia científica disponible referente al consumo de drogas en los centros penitenciarios españoles y las competencias que desarrolla enfermería relacionadas con esta problemática. Metodología: Se ha llevado a cabo una revisión narrativa mediante la búsqueda bibliográfica realizada en las bases de datos PubMed, Cuiden, ScieLo España, Cinahl, Google Académico y Dialnet Plus. Resultados: Se identificó un total de 270 artículos cuyo título estaba relacionado con la temática. Finalmente fueron seleccionados 24 para la realización de la revisión. Se establecieron 3 grupos de contenidos: Características de la población drogadicta y/o penitenciaria, Intervenciones sanitarias y Competencias de Enfermería, contextualizados en España y Europa, buscando responder a los objetivos propuestos. Conclusiones: El abordaje de las drogodependencias en las cárceles debe ser multidisciplinar, asumiendo el carácter dinámico de nuestra sociedad. Es necesaria la visibilización de la profesión enfermera, definiendo sus funciones. Se busca el respeto de todos los derechos humanos, salvo el de libertad, y, asimismo, la reeducación y la reinserción social. Todo ello mediante la combinación de intervenciones que mejoren la excelencia en el cuidado.Introduction: Drug use can cause alterations at the biopsychosocial level and the entry into penitentiaries. This income involves a complex adaptative process, whose consequences are shown both during and after it, in addition to being aggravated by drug addiction. Objective: To know the scientific evidence that exists regarding to drug use in Spanish prisons and nursing competences related to the care in this field. Methodology: A narrative review was performed through a search on different electronic databases: PubMed, Cuiden, ScieLo España, Cinahl, Google Scholar and Dialnet Plus. Results: A total of 270 articles whose titles was related to the topic, were identified. Finally, 24 were selected for the review, and their content was classified into three categories: Characteristics of the drug and/or penitentiary population, Health interventions and Nursing apability, contextualized in Spain and Europe, seeking to respond to the proposed objectives. Conclusions: The approach to drug dependency in prisons should be a multidisciplinary task, being aware of the dynanism of our society. It is necessary the visibilization of the nursing profession, defining its competences. Respect for all human rights is required, except for freedom, and also social reinsertion and re-education. All through the combination of actions in order to reach for care excellence

Characteristics of HCV positive patients in an Italian urban psychiatric unit

OBJECTIVES: 1) to assess the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in a population of acute psychiatric in-patients; 2) to find out relationships between HCV comorbidity and clinical features of psychiatric patients. METHODS: Prospective observational study in a 6-year period. RESULTS: 2396 cases (1492 patients) were admitted in the considered period. Forty-two patients (2.8%) were affected by HCV infection. HCV infection was more frequent in patients with less years of education, lower social class, lower last year best Global Assessment of Functioning score, more hostile or violent behavior in hospital, with a lifetime history of previous suicide attempt, and with substance-related disorders. CONCLUSION: HCV infection in psychiatric patients constitutes a major threat to the health of psychiatric patients and is related with unfavorable social background, worse global functioning, hostile or violent behavior, substance-related disorders. It appears also to be a significant risk of suicidal behavior

Psychiatric disorders among young male adult prisoners: a cross sectional study in a Malaysian prison

Introduction: In recent years there has been an increase in the number of young people in prison. This study is the firstto look at the proportion of psychiatric disorders among young adultprisoners. Objective: The main objective is to determine the percentage of psychiatric disorders among young adult male prisoners. Method: A cross sectional study of young adult male prisoners, with ages ranged between 18 and 21 years old, was conducted between September and December, 2008 at the Kajang Prison. A total of 225 inmates participated in the study which used the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) as its instrument. Results: The percentage of psychiatric disorders was 60.0%. Alcohol and substance related disorders had the highest prevalence at 50.2%, followed by Major Depressive Disorders and Dysthymia at 16.9%. About 39.6% were observed to have antisocial personality disordet Psychiatric disorders were found to have significant differences (p<O.05) in connection with parental marriage and recidivism. Conclusion: This study shows that the percentage of psychiatric disorders, especially substance related disorders, is high among young male adult prisoners. It highlights the urgent need for early intervention for this group of young people

Relationship between craving and personality in treatment-seeking women with substance-related disorders

BACKGROUND: Individual differences may impact susceptibility to addiction. The impact of personality features on drug craving, however, has not been studied, particularly in women. METHODS: Ninety-five treatment-seeking women with substance dependence, abstinent for at least 5 and no more than 21 days, were investigated regarding the correlation between personality factors and craving. Personality was assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the NEO Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-PI-R), and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 (BIS-11). Cravings were assessed through the Pennsylvania Craving Scale (PCS), and the Craving Questionnaire (CQ). Anxiety and depressive symptomatology were also recorded. RESULTS: Craving scores were positively correlated with depression and negatively correlated with number of days abstinent from substance use. Also, craving scores were positively associated with the novelty-seeking factor from the TCI and the total score on the BIS-11, and negatively associated with the conscientiousness and agreeableness facets of the NEO-PI-R. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that personality features, particularly impulsiveness, can be important predictors of craving in women, which has important implications for treatment planning

Spatial clustering of mental disorders and associated characteristics of the neighbourhood context in Malmö, Sweden, in 2001

Study objective: Previous research provides preliminary evidence of spatial variations of mental disorders and associations between neighbourhood social context and mental health. This study expands past literature by (1) using spatial techniques, rather than multilevel models, to compare the spatial distributions of two groups of mental disorders (that is, disorders due to psychoactive substance use, and neurotic, stress related, and somatoform disorders); and (2) investigating the independent impact of contextual deprivation and neighbourhood social disorganisation on mental health, while assessing both the magnitude and the spatial scale of these effects. Design: Using different spatial techniques, the study investigated mental disorders due to psychoactive substance use, and neurotic disorders. Participants: All 89 285 persons aged 40–69 years residing in Malmö, Sweden, in 2001, geolocated to their place of residence. Main results: The spatial scan statistic identified a large cluster of increased prevalence in a similar location for the two mental disorders in the northern part of Malmö. However, hierarchical geostatistical models showed that the two groups of disorders exhibited a different spatial distribution, in terms of both magnitude and spatial scale. Mental disorders due to substance consumption showed larger neighbourhood variations, and varied in space on a larger scale, than neurotic disorders. After adjustment for individual factors, the risk of substance related disorders increased with neighbourhood deprivation and neighbourhood social disorganisation. The risk of neurotic disorders only increased with contextual deprivation. Measuring contextual factors across continuous space, it was found that these associations operated on a local scale. Conclusions: Taking space into account in the analyses permitted deeper insight into the contextual determinants of mental disorders

Röntgenhoitajien kokemuksia päihdeongelmaisten potilaiden kohtaamisesta kuvantamistutkimuksessa

Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli tutkia röntgenhoitajien kokemuksia päihdeongelmaisten potilaiden kohtaamisesta. Työn tavoitteena oli tuottaa tietoa päihdeongelmaisten potilaiden kohtaamisesta röntgenhoitajan näkökulmasta. Tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisella tutkimusmenetelmällä. Aineisto kerättiin kahdesta HUS–kuvantamisen toimipisteestä pääkaupunkiseudulla, joissa molemmissa työskenneltiin myös päivystysaikaan. Aineisto kerättiin teemakirjoitusmenetelmällä. Teemakirjoitukseen vastasi kahdeksan päivystystyötä tekevää röntgenhoitajaa. Aineisto analysoitiin aineistolähtöisellä sisällönanalyysillä. Tuloksista selvisi, että röntgenhoitajat kokivat rauhallisen vuorovaikutuksen auttavan päih-deongelmaisten kohtaamistilanteissa. Päihdeongelmaisten kohtaamiseen ei ollut saatu koulutusta ja teoreettiselle tiedolle koettiin tarvetta. Kokemus kohtaamistilanteista oli kerätty työkokemuksen kautta. Haastavana röntgenhoitajat pitivät potilaiden vaikeuden ymmärtää ja vastaanottaa annettuja ohjeita, sekä vaikeuden pysyä liikkumatta. Eri päihteillä kuvailtiin olevan erilaisia vaikutuksia potilaan käytökseen. Turvallisuuskysymyksissä esiin nousivat väkivallan uhka, työ yksin yöaikaan ja vartijan tuoma turva. Päihtyneiden ja päihdeongelmaisten potilaiden määrää pidettiin suurena etenkin päivystysaikaan. Opinnäytetyön tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää röntgenhoitajaopiskelijoiden koulutuksessa, sekä röntgenhoitajien lisäkoulutuksen kehittämisessä.The purpose of this thesis was to study radiographers’ experiences in encounters with patients with substance-related disorders. The objective was to produce information about encounters with these patients in diagnostic imaging. The study was carried out using a qualitative research method. Survey material was collected in two Helsinki metropolitan area hospitals. Survey material consisted of essays written by eight radiographers working both day and night shifts and analysed using a qualitative content analysis. The results suggest that radiographers’ calm interaction in encounters with patients with substance-related disorders was found helpful. These radiographers had no training for this patient group in question, and their knowledge was based on work experience. Need for further information was expressed. The radiographers found it challenging to make a patient understand the instructions for an examination and to make them stay put. Different intoxicants were described having different effects on the behaviour of a patient. Main security concerns included the threat of violence and working alone at night. The amount of intoxicated patients and those with substance-related disorders was especially high in the night duty, and therefore, presence of a guard was found important bringing a feel of safety. The results of this study can be utilised both in the training of radiography students and in the further training of professionals