Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 359)

This bibliography lists 164 reports, articles and other documents introduced into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information System during Jan. 1992. Subject coverage includes: aerospace medicine and physiology, life support systems and man/system technology, protective clothing, exobiology and extraterrestrial life, planetary biology, and flight crew behavior and performance

The development of training and practice of navigation for advanced ships : application to merchant marine training centre programmes in Thailand

This dissertation is a study of an advanced ship, focusing on the training needs for a navigation officer by taking into consideration technological advances, operational factors and human factors. A short overview is given of current and future trends, and developments in modem technology in shipping including an advanced bridge in the form of an integrated bridge system. The role of the navigator, bridge operational procedures and conditions, and training needs are examined, taking into account manning and technological change that have taken place. The required knowledge, skills and attitude for an operator of advanced ships are identified. The importance of Bridge Resource Management training is also discussed. The factors influencing the operation of the advanced ship under the concept of oneman bridge operations are investigated. The results are evaluated to further improve the safe and efficient operation of an advanced ship. Proposals and recommendations are made to improve the training programmes, technology and operations for advanced ships and to update the navigation training programme at the Merchant Marine Training Centre (MMTC). A number of recommendations are also made concerning the need for further study and investigation in the subject

Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 197, September 1979

This bibliography lists 193 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in August 1979

The impact of cockpit automation on crew coordination and communication. Volume 1: Overview, LOFT evaluations, error severity, and questionnaire data

The purpose was to examine, jointly, cockpit automation and social processes. Automation was varied by the choice of two radically different versions of the DC-9 series aircraft, the traditional DC-9-30, and the glass cockpit derivative, the MD-88. Airline pilot volunteers flew a mission in the simulator for these aircraft. Results show that the performance differences between the crews of the two aircraft were generally small, but where there were differences, they favored the DC-9. There were no criteria on which the MD-88 crews performed better than the DC-9 crews. Furthermore, DC-9 crews rated their own workload as lower than did the MD-88 pilots. There were no significant differences between the two aircraft types with respect to the severity of errors committed during the Line-Oriented Flight Training (LOFT) flight. The attitude questionnaires provided some interesting insights, but failed to distinguish between DC-9 and MD-88 crews

Performance assessment of military teams in simulator and live exercises

The purpose of this paper is to present and evaluate a tool designed to assess the performance of military teams participating in complex military training exercises and to investigate the effectiveness of simulator training and live training from the matching of inherent stressors. Specifically, this study evaluates a tool that has been used by Norwegian military subject matter experts (SMEs) to assess the performance of eight cadet teams at the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy (RNoNA) during two separate 4-hour simulator exercises and a 48-hour live exercise. The resulting positive Spearman rank correlation coefficients between team performance assessments in the simulator exercises and the live exercise were strongest when the simulator scenario emphasized the stressors inherent in the live exercise and weakest when the simulator scenario did not facilitate the task demands in the live exercise. The study showed that (1) team performance measured in simulator training exercises can predict performance in a subsequent live training exercise, and (2) that scenario-based simulator training can realistically and effectively represent training demands for live operations. Our findings show the RNoNA tool can be easily applied to team training exercises and provide a meaningful evaluation of a team's future performance

Use of eye tracking for assessment of electronic navigation competency in maritime training

The purpose of this study is to experiment an assessment method using eye tracking technology in simulator based electronic navigation training of ship officers who play a critical role in maritime accidents. The maritime industry focuses on human factor developing and improving regulations, training requirements and technology to prevent marine casualties. The mandatory use of simulations in maritime training as per international regulations includes competency assessment as a vital process. The study involves capturing and analyzing eye movement data from ship officers with sea experience in simulation exercises for assessing competency.  A system including an eye tracking analysis software and eye tracking glasses is used for the study. Inferential and descriptive analysis were both used to validate the results. Significant differences were found between electronic navigation competencies of expert and novice ship officers. The results show that the eye tracking technology is a valuable tool for assessment of electronic navigation competency. Comparing novice and expert ship officers’ data proves that eye tracking provides in-depth data which is not obtainable by the available observation methods used in simulation training. The findings show that eye tracking provides the assessor novel data, such as focus of attention, which enables evaluation of the cognitive process and competency. The study, therefore, contributes to maritime education aiming to improve the effectiveness of simulator based maritime training which is vital for maritime safety. It also contributes to scientific research on eye movement in maritime field by proposing the integration of eye tracking in competency assessment in electronic navigation training as a part of simulation based maritime education

Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 183

This bibliography lists 273 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in July 1978

A Framework for Delivering Contextually Appropriate Opportunities for Warfighter Practice

Computer-based modeling and simulation has been a training staple in the military domain since the first aircraft simulators were adopted. More recently, virtual environments based on modeling, simulation and serious games, have introduced relatively low-cost, yet high value additions to the learning environment. As these virtual environments have proliferated, many researchers have investigated the relationship between theoretical foundations of learning, learner development and content delivery, and applied their findings in an attempt to bolster learning, yet performance deficiencies continue to exist. This study asserts that performance deficiencies exist in part because of insufficient contextually appropriate opportunities to practice. This work is multi-disciplinary in nature. Its foundation is modeling and simulation engineering; the use of technology to deliver training. Educational psychology and human factors concepts explain the theoretical basis for modeling and simulation as an effective training delivery agent. The study\u27s thesis is that a framework for delivering contextually appropriate opportunities for warfighter practice can be applied to discover whether modeling, simulation and game-based virtual environments have the potential to improve individual performance for learners beyond the Novice Stage (e.g., Competent Stage) of skills acquisition. Furthermore, this conceptually appropriate practice (CAP) framework can be used to assess the potential of low fidelity virtual environments to provide targeted practice and to improve individual performance, not only during training in high-fidelity virtual environments (near transfer) but also in the live environment (far transfer). To evaluate the thesis, this study investigates the relationship of technology and learning science, and features an empirical evaluation of training effectiveness afforded by delivering additional training repetitions using both low-fidelity virtual environment simulator systems and high-fidelity aircraft simulators

Varying Feedback Strategy and Scheduling in Simulator Training: Effects on Learner Perceptions, Initial Learning, and Transfer

This experimental study investigated the effects of visual feedback on initial learning, perceived self-efficacy, workload, near transfer, far transfer, and perceived realism during a simulator-based training task. Prior studies indicate that providing feedback is critical for schema development (Salmoni, Schmidt, & Walter 1984; Sterman, 1994). However, its influence has been shown to dissipate and is not directly proportionate to the frequency at which it is given (Wulf, Shea, & Matschiner, 1998). A total of 54 participants completed the study forming six treatment groups. The independent treatment, visual feedback, was manipulated as scheduling (absolute—every practice trial or relative—every third trial) and strategies (gradual decrease of visual cues within the interface, gradual increase of visual cues within the interface, or a single consistent cue for each trial). Participants completed twelve practice trials of welding under one of six feedback manipulations; then, participants completed twelve practice trials of welding without it. Lastly, participants performed the weld task on actual equipment in a shop area. No treatment showed significant difference among groups with regard to initial learning, retention, near transfer, and far transfer measures. However, a statistical significance was found during initial learning and retention within each treatment group. Findings support empirical evidence that a variability of practice paradigm promotes learning (Lee & Carnahan, 1990; Shea & Morgan, 1979). Learner perceptions of realism suggest that novice learners perceive simulator fidelity as high, however, these perceptions may dissipate as the learner practices. Those groups that involved the greatest number of cues at the onset of practice or having cues available at every other trial reported the greatest amount of workload. All groups reported increases in perceptions of self-efficacy during practice on the simulator, but those perceptions decreased when participants performed the weld task on actual equipment. Findings suggest that contextual-interference of increasing, decreasing, or changing feedback counteracts the guidance effect of feedback as found in previous studies

An experimental study using a navigation simulator

O sucesso nas operações marítimas apenas pode ser atingido através da interação eficiente e eficaz entre pessoas e tecnologia. Tendo em conta a crescente dependência na última a bordo dos navios, uma das questões mais prementes é a provada falibilidade dos sistemas de radioposicionamento satélite, nomeadamente dos GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) que, consequentemente, tem levantado preocupações relativamente à resiliência dos mesmos. Os requisitos das fontes de posicionamento, navegação e tempo (PNT) também têm crescido significativamente na última década, portanto, a qualidade e integridade desses três parâmetros tornaram-se cada vez mais um elemento decisivo para o sucesso nas operações marítimas, especialmente na condução da navegação. O objetivo do estudo é identificar quais os fatores de sucesso para uma navegação mais resiliente. A solução proposta passa portanto pela abordagem da resiliência PNT através dos Sistemas Cognitivos Conjuntos, medindo o desempenho das equipas, o cumprimento dos procedimentos e fatores humanos, nomeadamente a interação quer com a tecnologia, quer entre os diferentes membros da equipa, a confiança na automação, assim como o conhecimento situacional e a carga de trabalho, quando confrontados com uma disrupção GNSS. Os participantes do estudo foram equipas de pilotagem da Marinha Portuguesa (MP) e as sessões ocorreram num simulador de navegação. As equipas realizaram um treino de pilotagem padrão dividido em três momentos distintos: com normal disponibilidade de sinal GNSS, sob spoofing e sob jamming. O desempenho foi medido com base em medidas quantitativas de controlo do posicionamento e do tempo, o cumprimento dos procedimentos com o apoio de avaliadores do CITAN e os fatores humanos foram medidos sobretudo recorrendo a questionários. A metodologia FRAM (Functional Ressonance Analysis Method) providenciou o suporte para analisar as diferenças entre o trabalho como prescrito e o trabalho como é realizado. O estudo pretende providenciar um conhecimento extensivo relativamente à capacidade das equipas de pilotagem em efetuarem a condução da navegação face à adversidade de uma disrupção GNSS, efetivamente elevando o nível de conhecimento da função PNT na MP e abrindo caminho para soluções de Sistemas Cognitivos Conjuntos para uma melhor e mais resiliente condução da navegaçãoSuccess in maritime operations can only be achieved through efficient and effective interaction between people and technology. Given the growing dependency on the latter aboard ships, one of the most pressing issues is the proven fallibility of satellite radio positioning systems, namely GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), which have raised resilience concerns. The requirements for the position, navigation, and timing (PNT) sources have grown significantly over the past decade. So, the quality and integrity of those three parameters have become a more decisive element for success in maritime operations, especially navigation. Therefore, the proposed solution addresses the PNT resilience through the scope of Joint Cognitive Systems, measuring teams’ performance, procedure compliance, and human factors. The latter includes interactions with technology and other team members, trust in automation, situational awareness, and workload when faced with a GNSS disruption. The study’s participants were piloting teams from the Portuguese navy in a navigation simulator. The teams performed a simple piloting training split into three distinct moments: normal availability of GNSS signal, undergoing spoofing, and undergoing jamming. The performance was measured through quantitative measurements of time and positioning control and procedure compliance with the support of evaluators from CITAN. The human factors were primarily measured using questionnaires. The FRAM methodology (Functional Resonance Analysis Method) provided the support to analyze the differences between Work as Done and Work as Prescribed. The study intends to provide extensive insight into the piloting teams’ ability to navigate in the face of the adversity of GNSS disruption, effectively upraising the knowledge of the PNT function in the Portuguese navy and paving the way to Joint Cognitive Systems solutions for a better, more resilient navigation