11,396 research outputs found
Internet of Things-aided Smart Grid: Technologies, Architectures, Applications, Prototypes, and Future Research Directions
Traditional power grids are being transformed into Smart Grids (SGs) to
address the issues in existing power system due to uni-directional information
flow, energy wastage, growing energy demand, reliability and security. SGs
offer bi-directional energy flow between service providers and consumers,
involving power generation, transmission, distribution and utilization systems.
SGs employ various devices for the monitoring, analysis and control of the
grid, deployed at power plants, distribution centers and in consumers' premises
in a very large number. Hence, an SG requires connectivity, automation and the
tracking of such devices. This is achieved with the help of Internet of Things
(IoT). IoT helps SG systems to support various network functions throughout the
generation, transmission, distribution and consumption of energy by
incorporating IoT devices (such as sensors, actuators and smart meters), as
well as by providing the connectivity, automation and tracking for such
devices. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on IoT-aided SG
systems, which includes the existing architectures, applications and prototypes
of IoT-aided SG systems. This survey also highlights the open issues,
challenges and future research directions for IoT-aided SG systems
Magnetic Cellular Nonlinear Network with Spin Wave Bus for Image Processing
We describe and analyze a cellular nonlinear network based on magnetic
nanostructures for image processing. The network consists of magneto-electric
cells integrated onto a common ferromagnetic film - spin wave bus. The
magneto-electric cell is an artificial two-phase multiferroic structure
comprising piezoelectric and ferromagnetic materials. A bit of information is
assigned to the cell's magnetic polarization, which can be controlled by the
applied voltage. The information exchange among the cells is via the spin waves
propagating in the spin wave bus. Each cell changes its state as a combined
effect of two: the magneto-electric coupling and the interaction with the spin
waves. The distinct feature of the network with spin wave bus is the ability to
control the inter-cell communication by an external global parameter - magnetic
field. The latter makes possible to realize different image processing
functions on the same template without rewiring or reconfiguration. We present
the results of numerical simulations illustrating image filtering, erosion,
dilation, horizontal and vertical line detection, inversion and edge detection
accomplished on one template by the proper choice of the strength and direction
of the external magnetic field. We also present numerical assets on the major
network parameters such as cell density, power dissipation and functional
throughput, and compare them with the parameters projected for other
nano-architectures such as CMOL-CrossNet, Quantum Dot Cellular Automata, and
Quantum Dot Image Processor. Potentially, the utilization of spin waves
phenomena at the nanometer scale may provide a route to low-power consuming and
functional logic circuits for special task data processing
Fast Low Fidelity Microsimulation of Vehicle Traffic on Supercomputers
A set of very simple rules for driving behavior used to simulate roadway
traffic gives realistic results. Because of its simplicity, it is easy to
implement the model on supercomputers (vectorizing and parallel), where we have
achieved real time limits of more than 4~million~kilometers (or more than
53~million vehicle sec/sec). The model can be used for applications where both
high simulation speed and individual vehicle resolution are needed. We use the
model for extended statistical analysis to gain insight into traffic phenomena
near capacity, and we discuss that this model is a good candidate for network
routing applications. (Submitted to Transportation Research Board Meeting, Jan.
1994, Washington D.C.)Comment: 11 pages, latex, figs. available upon request, Cologne-WP 93.14
Will SDN be part of 5G?
For many, this is no longer a valid question and the case is considered
settled with SDN/NFV (Software Defined Networking/Network Function
Virtualization) providing the inevitable innovation enablers solving many
outstanding management issues regarding 5G. However, given the monumental task
of softwarization of radio access network (RAN) while 5G is just around the
corner and some companies have started unveiling their 5G equipment already,
the concern is very realistic that we may only see some point solutions
involving SDN technology instead of a fully SDN-enabled RAN. This survey paper
identifies all important obstacles in the way and looks at the state of the art
of the relevant solutions. This survey is different from the previous surveys
on SDN-based RAN as it focuses on the salient problems and discusses solutions
proposed within and outside SDN literature. Our main focus is on fronthaul,
backward compatibility, supposedly disruptive nature of SDN deployment,
business cases and monetization of SDN related upgrades, latency of general
purpose processors (GPP), and additional security vulnerabilities,
softwarization brings along to the RAN. We have also provided a summary of the
architectural developments in SDN-based RAN landscape as not all work can be
covered under the focused issues. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on
the state of the art of SDN-based RAN and clearly points out the gaps in the
technology.Comment: 33 pages, 10 figure
60 GHz MAC Standardization: Progress and Way Forward
Communication at mmWave frequencies has been the focus in the recent years.
In this paper, we discuss standardization efforts in 60 GHz short range
communication and the progress therein. We compare the available standards in
terms of network architecture, medium access control mechanisms, physical layer
techniques and several other features. Comparative analysis indicates that IEEE
802.11ad is likely to lead the short-range indoor communication at 60 GHz. We
bring to the fore resolved and unresolved issues pertaining to robust WLAN
connectivity at 60 GHz. Further, we discuss the role of mmWave bands in 5G
communication scenarios and highlight the further efforts required in terms of
research and standardization
Digital implementation of the cellular sensor-computers
Two different kinds of cellular sensor-processor architectures are used nowadays in various
applications. The first is the traditional sensor-processor architecture, where the sensor and the
processor arrays are mapped into each other. The second is the foveal architecture, in which a
small active fovea is navigating in a large sensor array. This second architecture is introduced
and compared here. Both of these architectures can be implemented with analog and digital
processor arrays. The efficiency of the different implementation types, depending on the used
CMOS technology, is analyzed. It turned out, that the finer the technology is, the better to use
digital implementation rather than analog
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