Fine Scale Simulation of Fractured Reservoirs: Applications and Comparison

Imperial Users onl

Modeling coupled thermohaline flow and reactive solute transport in discretely-fractured porous media

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2005-2006Un modèle numérique tridimensionnel a été développé pour la simulation du système chimique quartz-eau couplé avec l’écoulement à densité et viscosité variable dans les milieux poreux discrètement fracturés. Le nouveau modèle simule aussi le transfert de chaleur dans les milieux poreux fracturés en supposant que l’expansion thermique du milieu est négligeable. Les propriétés du fluide, densité et viscosité, ainsi que les constantes chimiques (constant de taux de dissolution, constant d’équilibre, coefficient d’activité) sont calculées en fonction de la concentration des ions majeurs et de la température. Des paramètres de réaction et d’écoulement, comme la surface spécifique du minéral et la perméabilité sont mis jour à la fin de chaque pas de temps avec des taux de réaction explicitement calculés. Le modèle suppose que des changements de la porosite et des ouvertures de fractures n’ont pas d’impact sur l’emmagasinement spécifique. Des pas de temps adaptatifs sont utilisés pour accélérer et ralentir la simulation afin d’empêcher des résultats non physiques. Les nouveaux incréments de temps dépendent des changements maximum de la porosité et/ou de l’ouverture de fracture. Des taux de réaction au niveau temporel L+1 (schéma de pondération temporelle implicite) sont utilisés pour renouveler tous les paramètres du modèle afin de garantir la stabilité numérique. Le modèle a été vérifié avec des problèmes analytiques, numériques et physiques de l’écoulement à densité variable, transport réactif et transfert de chaleur dans les milieux poreux fracturés. La complexité de la formulation du modèle permet d’étudier des réactions chimiques et l’écoulement à densité variable d’une façon plus réaliste qu’auparavant possible. En premier lieu, cette étude adresse le phénomène de l’écoulement et du transport à densité variable dans les milieux poreux fracturés avec une seule fracture à inclinaison arbitraire. Une formulation mathématique générale du terme de flottabilité est dérivée qui tient compte de l’écoulement et du transport à densité variable dans des fractures de toute orientation. Des simulations de l’écoulement et du transport à densité variable dans une seule fracture implanté dans une matrice poreuse ont été effectuées. Les simulations montrent que l’écoulement à densité variable dans une fracture cause la convection dans la matrice poreuse et que la fracture à perméabilité élevée agit comme barrière pour la convection. Le nouveau modèle a été appliqué afin de simuler des exemples, comme le mouvement horizontal d’un panache de fluide chaud dans un milieu fracturé chimiquement réactif. Le transport thermohalin (double-diffusif) influence non seulement l’écoulement à densité variable mais aussi les réactions chimiques. L’écoulement à convection libre dépend du contraste de densité entre le fluide (panache chaud ou de l’eau salée froide) et le fluide de référence. Dans l’exemple, des contrastes de densité sont généralement faibles et des fractures n’agissent pas comme des chemins préférés mais contribuent à la dispersion transverse du panache. Des zones chaudes correspondent aux régions de dissolution de quartz tandis que dans les zones froides, la silice mobile précipite. La concentration de silice est inversement proportionnelle à la salinité dans les régions à salinité élevée et directement proportionnelle à la température dans les régions à salinité faible. Le système est le plus sensible aux inexactitudes de température. Ceci est parce que la température influence non seulement la cinétique de dissolution (équation d’Arrhenius), mais aussi la solubilité de quartz.A three-dimensional numerical model is developed that couples the quartz-water chemical system with variable-density, variable-viscosity flow in fractured porous media. The new model also solves for heat transfer in fractured porous media, under the assumption of negligible thermal expansion of the rock. The fluid properties density and viscosity as well as chemistry constants (dissolution rate constant, equilibrium constant and activity coefficient) are calculated as a function of the concentrations of major ions and of temperature. Reaction and flow parameters, such as mineral surface area and permeability, are updated at the end of each time step with explicitly calculated reaction rates. The impact of porosity and aperture changes on specific storage is neglected. Adaptive time stepping is used to accelerate and slow down the simulation process in order to prevent physically unrealistic results. New time increments depend on maximum changes in matrix porosity and/or fracture aperture. Reaction rates at time level L+1 (implicit time weighting scheme) are used to renew all model parameters to ensure numerical stability. The model is verified against existing analytical, numerical and physical benchmark problems of variable-density flow, reactive solute transport and heat transfer in fractured porous media. The complexity of the model formulation allows chemical reactions and variable-density flow to be studied in a more realistic way than previously possible. The present study first addresses the phenomenon of variable-density flow and transport in fractured porous media, where a single fracture of an arbitrary incline can occur. A general mathematical formulation of the body force vector is derived, which accounts for variable-density flow and transport in fractures of any orientation. Simulations of variable-density flow and solute transport are conducted for a single fracture, embedded in a porous matrix. The simulations show that density-driven flow in the fracture causes convective flow within the porous matrix and that the highpermeability fracture acts as a barrier for convection. The new model was applied to simulate illustrative examples, such as the horizontal movement of a hot plume in a chemically reactive fractured medium. Thermohaline (double-diffusive) transport impacts both buoyancy-driven flow and chemical reactions. Free convective flow depends on the density contrast between the fluid (hot brine or cool saltwater) and the reference fluid. In the example, density contrasts are generally small and fractures do not act like preferential pathways but contribute to transverse dispersion of the plume. Hot zones correspond to areas of quartz dissolution while in cooler zones, precipitation of imported silica prevails. The silica concentration is inversely proportional to salinity in high-salinity regions and directly proportional to temperature in low-salinity regions. The system is the most sensitive to temperature inaccuracy. This is because temperature impacts both the dissolution kinetics (Arrhenius equation) and the quartz solubility

Upscaling of a dual-permeability Monte Carlo simulation model for contaminant transport in fractured networks by genetic algorithm parameter identification

International audienceThe transport of radionuclides in fractured media plays a fundamental role in determining the level of risk offered by a radioactive waste repository in terms of expected doses. Discrete Fracture Networks (DFN) methods can provide detailed solutions to the problem of modeling the contaminant transport in fractured media. However, within the framework of the performance assessment (PA) of radioactive waste repositories, the computational efforts required are not compatible with the repeated calculations that need to be performed for the probabilistic uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of PA. In this paper, we present a novel upscaling approach, which consists in computing the detailed numerical fractured flow and transport solutions on a small scale and use the results to derive the equivalent continuum parameters of a lean, one-dimensional Dual-Permeability, Monte Carlo Simulation (DPMCS) model by means of a Genetic Algorithm search. The proposed upscaling procedure is illustrated with reference to a realistic case study of migration taken from literature

Cracks and fingers: dynamics of ductile fracture in an aqueous foam

Fracture of a quasi-two-dimensional aqueous foam by injection of air can occur via two distinct mechanisms, termed brittle and ductile, which are analogous to crack modes observed for crystalline atomic solids such as metals. In the present work we focus on the dynamics and morphology of the ductile process, in which no films between bubbles are broken. A network modeling approach allows detailed analysis of the foam morphology from individual bubbles to the shape of the propagating crack. This crack develops similarly to fingering instabilities in Hele–Shaw cells filled with homogeneous fluids. We show that the observed width and shape of the crack are compatible this interpretation, and that the discreteness of the bubble structure provides symmetry perturbations and limiting scales characteristic of anomalous fingering. The model thus bridges the gap between fracture of the solid foam lattice and instability growth of interfaces in a fluid system

Lattice Modeling of Early-Age Behavior of Structural Concrete.

The susceptibility of structural concrete to early-age cracking depends on material composition, methods of processing, structural boundary conditions, and a variety of environmental factors. Computational modeling offers a means for identifying primary factors and strategies for reducing cracking potential. Herein, lattice models are shown to be adept at simulating the thermal-hygral-mechanical phenomena that influence early-age cracking. In particular, this paper presents a lattice-based approach that utilizes a model of cementitious materials hydration to control the development of concrete properties, including stiffness, strength, and creep resistance. The approach is validated and used to simulate early-age cracking in concrete bridge decks. Structural configuration plays a key role in determining the magnitude and distribution of stresses caused by volume instabilities of the concrete material. Under restrained conditions, both thermal and hygral effects are found to be primary contributors to cracking potential

Impact of Geo-mechanical Properties on the Fracture Treatment of Utica Shale

Unconventional gas reservoirs become one of the most important energy sources in United States and all over the world. The Appalachian basin has very organic rich shale formations; it contains Marcellus and Utica shale formations with billions of cubic feet of natural gas as reserve. The development in hydraulic fracturing technology with horizontal drilling for thousands of lateral feet increase the recoverable gas from the shale formations and challenges the researchers to understand the fracturing mechanism and to study the relation between operation parameters and formation properties with the fracturing treatment outcome.;The main objective of this thesis was to study the impact of formation geo-mechanical properties such as horizontal stress level, Young\u27s modulus and Poison\u27s ratio on the fracturing treatment outcome and also on the complex fracture growth. More precisely, the impact of these properties on the growth of discrete fracture network (DFN). A single horizontal well model was built using commercial software to simulate the fracturing treatment. This model built based on Utica shale properties obtained from different sources.;In this thesis, we investigated the impact of horizontal stress level, Young\u27s modulus, Poison\u27s ratio and the leak-off coefficient. The results showed that the horizontal stress level plays a significant role in controlling the fracture orientation and growth, also affects the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). The Young\u27s modulus and the Leak-off coefficient also impact the fracture and the discrete fracture network. It has been determined that the formations with high Young\u27s modulus generated high SRV. The Poison\u27s ratio had negligible impact on the fracturing treatment outcome

Evaluation of an uncertainty reduction methodology based on Iterative Sensitivity Analysis (ISA) applied to naturally fractured reservoirs

International audienceHistory matching for naturally fractured reservoirs is challenging because of the complexity of flow behavior in the fracture-matrix combination. Calibrating these models in a history-matching procedure normally requires integration with geostatistical techniques (Big Loop, where the history matching is integrated to reservoir modeling) for proper model characterization. In problems involving complex reservoir models, it is common to apply techniques such as sensitivity analysis to evaluate and identify most influential attributes to focus the efforts on what most impact the response. Conventional Sensitivity Analysis (CSA), in which a subset of attributes is fixed at a unique value, may over-reduce the search space so that it might not be properly explored. An alternative is an Iterative Sensitivity Analysis (ISA), in which CSA is applied multiple times throughout the iterations. ISA follows three main steps: (a) CSA identifies Group i of influential attributes (i = 1, 2, 3, …, n); (b) reduce uncertainty of Group i, with other attributes with fixed values; and (c) return to step (a) and repeat the process. Conducting CSA multiple times allows the identification of influential attributes hidden by the high uncertainty of the most influential attributes. In this work, we assess three methods: Method 1 – ISA, Method 2 – CSA, and Method 3 – without sensitivity analysis, i.e., varying all uncertain attributes (larger searching space). Results showed that the number of simulation runs for Method 1 dropped 24% compared to Method 3 and 12% to Method 2 to reach a similar matching quality of acceptable models. In other words, Method 1 reached a similar quality of results with fewer simulations. Therefore, ISA can perform as good as CSA demanding fewer simulations. All three methods identified the same five most influential attributes of the initial 18. Even with many uncertain attributes, only a small percentage is responsible for most of the variability of responses. Also, their identification is essential for efficient history matching. For the case presented in this work, few fracture attributes were responsible for most of the variability of the responses

A theoretical analysis of volatile contaminant removal by the pneumatic fracturing process

A mathematical model that simulates the process of contaminant removal from a pneumatically induced fracture within a porous medium is presented. It includes: (1) model development; (2) parameter evaluation; (3) statistical sensitivity analysis; and (4) model validation. Based on the dual porosity approach, a mathematical model for a fractured porous formation is developed for both two dimensional and axial symmetrical cases. This model constitutes a pair of coupled partial differential equations for the porous medium and discrete fracture, respectively. The initial and boundary conditions have been determined based on field considerations of a soil vapor extraction system. By means of Laplace transforms, analytical solutions of the equations are obtained in explicit forms of exponential and error functions. The four principal physical parameters used in the model include tortuosity, retardation factor, fracture aperture, and extraction flow rate. Fracture aperture and flow rate are related to the characteristics of geologic formation and operational system, while tortuosity and retardation factor are related to geochemical characteristics. Guidelines for determination of these parameters are provided. In addition, a statistical analysis is performed to evaluate the sensitivity of mass removal to variations in these parameters. A linear relationship between the standard deviations of mass removal and tortuosity or retardation factor is obtained. The sensitivity of mass removal to the fracture aperture is found to be minimal; however, aperture affects mass removal indirectly through extraction flow rate. Mass removal is determined to be sensitive to flow rate in low flow ranges only