CONTROL GLOBAL PD PARA SEGUIMIENTO DE POSICIÓN EN MOTORES A PASOS DE IMANES PERMANENTES

El control del motor a pasos de imanes permanentes es un tema de bastante interés en la actualidad ya que es bastante utilizado en aplicaciones que requieren precisión y por que puede ser controlado a lazo abierto. Pero en algunas aplicaciones el desempeño del motor a lazo abierto no es suficiente, lo que ha motivado al diseño de controladores a lazo cerrado que consideren la dinámica no lineal completa del motor. En este artículo se presenta el diseño de un controlador para el seguimiento de posición en motores a pasos de imanes permanentes que acciona una carga dependiente de la posición, además se prueba la estabilidad global del sistema a lazo cerrado utilizando el método directo de Lyapunov y se presentan resultados en simulación del controlador.Palabra(s) Clave(s): estabilidad de Lyapunov, imanes permanentes, motor a pasos, seguimiento de posición

Commande par mode glissant de paliers magnétiques actifs économes en énergie : une approche sans modèle

Abstract : Over the past three decades, various fields have witnessed a successful application of active magnetic bearing (AMB) systems. Their favorable features include supporting high-speed rotation, low power consumption, and rotor dynamics control. Although their losses are much lower than roller bearings, these losses could limit the operation in some applications such as flywheel energy storage systems and vacuum applications. Many researchers focused their efforts on boosting magnetic bearings energy efficiency via minimizing currents supplied to electromagnetic coils either by a software solution or a hardware solution. According to a previous study, we adopt the hardware solution in this thesis. More specifically, we investigate developing an efficient and yet simple control scheme for regulating a permanent magnet-biased active magnetic bearing system. The control objective here is to suppress the rotor vibrations and reduce the corresponding control currents as possible throughout a wide operating range. Although adopting the hardware approach could achieve an energy-efficient AMB, employing an advanced control scheme could achieve a further reduction in power consumption. Many advanced control techniques have been proposed in the literature to achieve a satisfactory performance. However, the complexity of the majority of control schemes and the potential requirement of powerful platform could discourage their application in practice. The motivation behind this work is to improve the closed-loop performance without the need to do model identification and following the conventional procedure for developing a model-based controller. Here, we propose applying the hybridization concept to exploit the classical PID control and some nonlinear control tools such as first- and second-order sliding mode control, high gain observer, backstepping, and adaptive techniques to develop efficient and practical control schemes. All developed control schemes in this thesis are digitally implemented and validated on the eZdsp F2812 control board. Therefore, the applicability of the proposed model-free techniques for practical application is demonstrated. Furthermore, some of the proposed control schemes successfully achieve a good compromise between the objectives of rotor vibration attenuation and control currents minimization over a wide operating range.Résumé: Au cours des trois dernières décennies, divers domaines ont connu une application réussie des systèmes de paliers magnétiques actifs (PMA). Leurs caractéristiques favorables comprennent une capacité de rotation à grande vitesse, une faible consommation d'énergie, et le contrôle de la dynamique du rotor. Bien que leurs pertes soient beaucoup plus basses que les roulements à rouleaux, ces pertes pourraient limiter l'opération dans certaines applications telles que les systèmes de stockage d'énergie à volant d'inertie et les applications sous vide. De nombreux chercheurs ont concentré leurs efforts sur le renforcement de l'efficacité énergétique des paliers magnétiques par la minimisation des courants fournis aux bobines électromagnétiques soit par une solution logicielle, soit par une solution matérielle. Selon une étude précédente, nous adoptons la solution matérielle dans cette thèse. Plus précisément, nous étudions le développement d'un système de contrôle efficace et simple pour réguler un système de palier magnétique actif à aimant permanent polarisé. L'objectif de contrôle ici est de supprimer les vibrations du rotor et de réduire les courants de commande correspondants autant que possible tout au long d'une large plage de fonctionnement. Bien que l'adoption de l'approche matérielle pourrait atteindre un PMA économe en énergie, un système de contrôle avancé pourrait parvenir à une réduction supplémentaire de la consommation d'énergie. De nombreuses techniques de contrôle avancées ont été proposées dans la littérature pour obtenir une performance satisfaisante. Cependant, la complexité de la majorité des systèmes de contrôle et l'exigence potentielle d’une plate-forme puissante pourrait décourager leur application dans la pratique. La motivation derrière ce travail est d'améliorer les performances en boucle fermée, sans la nécessité de procéder à l'identification du modèle et en suivant la procédure classique pour développer un contrôleur basé sur un modèle. Ici, nous proposons l'application du concept d'hybridation pour exploiter le contrôle PID classique et certains outils de contrôle non linéaires tels que contrôle par mode glissement du premier et du second ordre, observateur à grand gain, backstepping et techniques adaptatives pour développer des systèmes de contrôle efficaces et pratiques. Tous les systèmes de contrôle développés dans cette thèse sont numériquement mis en oeuvre et évaluées sur la carte de contrôle eZdsp F2812. Par conséquent, l'applicabilité des techniques de modèle libre proposé pour l'application pratique est démontrée. En outre, certains des régimes de contrôle proposés ont réalisé avec succès un bon compromis entre les objectifs au rotor d’atténuation des vibrations et la minimisation des courants de commande sur une grande plage de fonctionnement

Recent Advances in Robust Control

Robust control has been a topic of active research in the last three decades culminating in H_2/H_\infty and \mu design methods followed by research on parametric robustness, initially motivated by Kharitonov's theorem, the extension to non-linear time delay systems, and other more recent methods. The two volumes of Recent Advances in Robust Control give a selective overview of recent theoretical developments and present selected application examples. The volumes comprise 39 contributions covering various theoretical aspects as well as different application areas. The first volume covers selected problems in the theory of robust control and its application to robotic and electromechanical systems. The second volume is dedicated to special topics in robust control and problem specific solutions. Recent Advances in Robust Control will be a valuable reference for those interested in the recent theoretical advances and for researchers working in the broad field of robotics and mechatronics

Modeling and robust adaptive tracking control of a planar precision positioning system

Precision positioning systems constitute an essential prerequisite for modern production processes in the diverse applications of micro- and nanotechnology. Associated with the control of these systems there are high demands with respect to bandwidth, accuracy, robustness and stability. The most important requirement, however, is dynamic tracking of complex reference trajectories with highest precision. To achieve these objectives, usually a good knowledge of system parameters is necessary, whereby their identification is mostly laborious and expensive. In addition, depending on the production process or plant, parameters may change with time which may endanger the achievement of these goals. From an economic perspective, it is therefore desirable that parameter identification is carried out during operation, within the control scheme. This reduces the effort for system identification and also ensures that the controller may also adapt to parametric changes. Based on this motivation, the present thesis deals with the development of an adaptive tracking control concept for the planar precision positioning system PPS1405 build by the motor manufacturer Tetra. The development and identification of detailed system models of the most important components of the PPS1405 is the foundation for this. The developed model serves firstly as a basis for model-based control design and secondly as a realistic simulation environment for testing and evaluation of the controllers designed. Furthermore, the model gives insights about the potential applicability of adaptive control which is confirmed throughout the analysis. Following this, the aspired tracking control design is based on the idea of a two-stage approach, comprising a nominal tracking controller and an adaptive augmentation exploiting ideas from $\mathcal{L}_1$ adaptive control. The latter seems promising in view of remarkable performance and robustness properties. For the adaptive tracking controller, both, state and output feedback schemes are developed, whereas in view of the available measurement signals only the output feedback scheme is implemented at the test rig. Experimental results confirm the efficiency of the proposed control scheme. It meets all specifications with regard to tracking errors and yields tracking performance that has not been obtained by any of the existing controllers so far.Präzisionspositioniersysteme bilden eine wesentliche Grundvoraussetzung für moderne Produktionsprozesse in den vielschichtigen Anwendungen der Mikro- und Nanotechnologie. An die Regelung dieser Systeme werden hohe Anforderungen bzgl. Bandbreite, Genauigkeit, Robustheit und Stabilität gestellt. Die wichtigste Anforderung jedoch, bildet die dynamische Verfolgung komplexer Referenztrajektorien mit höchster Präzision. Zur Erreichung dieser Ziele ist zumeist eine möglichst genaue Kenntnis der wesentlichen Systemparameter erforderlich, deren Identifikation in der Regel aufwändig und teuer ist. Zudem können sich je nach Produktionsprozess oder Anlage Parameter mit der Zeit verändern, was die Erreichung dieser Ziele gefährdet. Aus betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht ist es daher erstrebenswert, die Parameteridentifikation während des Betriebs innerhalb der Regelung durchzuführen. Dies reduziert den Aufwand bei der Systemidentifikation und stellt zudem sicher, dass die Regelung sich auch gegenüber Veränderungen anpassen kann. Aus dieser Motivation heraus beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Dissertation mit der Entwicklung eines adaptiven Folgeregelungskonzepts für das planare Präzisionspositioniersystem PPS1405 der Firma Tetra. Die Grundlage hierfür bildet die Entwicklung sowie die Identifikation detaillierter Systemmodelle der wesentlichen Komponenten des PPS1405. Das entwickelte Modell dient zum einen als Grundlage für modellbasierte Regelungsentwürfe und zum anderen als realistische Simulationsumgebung zur Erprobung und Bewertung dieser Verfahren. Aufbauend darauf, basiert der angestrebte Folgeregelungsentwurf auf der Idee eines zweistufigen Ansatzes, bestehend aus einem nominellen Folgeregler und einer adaptiven Erweiterung mittels L1 adaptiver Regelung. Letztere erscheint im Hinblick auf herausragenden Performance- und Robustheitseigenschaften vielversprechend. Für die adaptive Folgeregelung werden sowohl Ansätze für Zustands- als auch Ausgangsrückführungen entwickelt, wobei aufgrund der zur Verfügung stehenden Messsignale nur letztere am Versuchsstand implementiert werden. Experimentelle Ergebnisse bestätigen die Leistungsfähigkeit der entwickelten Regelung. Diese erfüllt alle gestellten Anforderungen hinsichtlich der Positionsabweichung und erzielt Regelgüten, die mit existierenden Reglern bisher nicht erreicht wurden

Design and implementation of a soft computing-based controller for a complex mechanical system

Soft-Computing basierende Regler beinhalten Algorithmen, die im Bereich des Maschinellen Lernens einzuordnen sind. Diese Regler sind in der Lage eine geeignete Steuerungsstrategie durch direkte Interaktion mit einer dynamischen Regelstrecke zu entwerfen. Sowohl klassische als auch moderne Reglerentwurfsmethoden hangen von der Genauigkeit des verwendeten dynamischen Systemmodells ab, was insbesondere bei steigender Komplexitat des Systems und auftretenden Modellunsicherheiten nicht mehr uneingeschrankt gewahrleistet werden kann. Die Ziele von Soft- Computing basierenden Reglern sind die Verbesserung der Gute des Regelverhaltens und eine geeignete Anpassung der Regler ohne eine mathematische Modellbildung auf Grundlage von physikalischen Gesetzen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden funf Algorithmen zur Modellbildung und Regelung dynamischer Systeme untersucht, welche auf dem Mehrschichten-Perzeptron-Netzwerk (Multi-Layer Perceptron network, MLP), auf der Methode der Support Vector Machine (SVM), der Gau-Prozesse, der radialen Basisfunktionen (Radial Basis Functions, RBF) sowie der Fuzzy-Inferenz-Systeme basieren. Im Anschluss an die Darstellung der zugrunde liegenden mathematischen Zusammenhange dieser Methoden sowie deren Hauptanwendungsfelder im Bereich der Modellbildung und Regelung dynamischer Systeme wird eine systematische Evaluierung der funf Methoden diskutiert. Anhand der Verwendung quantitativer Gutekennziern werden diese Methoden fur die Verwendung in der Modellbildung und Regelung dynamischer Systeme vergleichbar gegenubergestellt. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Evaluierung wird der SVM-basierte Algorithmus als Kernalgorithmus des Soft-Computing basierenden Reglers verwendet. Der vorgestellte Regler besteht aus zwei Hauptteilen, wobei der erste Teil aus einer Modellfunktion der dynamischen Regelstrecke und einem SVM-basierten Beobachter besteht, und der zweite Teil basierend auf dem Systemmodell eine geeignete Regelstrategie generiert. Die Verikation des SVM-basierten Regleralgorithmus erfolgt anhand eines FEM-Modells eines dynamischen elastischen Balken bzw. einseitig eingespannten elastischen Balkens. Dieses Modell kann z. B. als Ersatzmodell fur das mechanische Verhalten eines exiblen Roboterarms oder einer Flugzeugtrag ache verwendet werden. Der Hauptteil der Modellfunktion besteht aus einem automatischen Systemidentikationsalgorithmus, der auch die Integration eines systematischen Modellbildungsansatzes fur dynamische Systeme ermoglicht.Die Ergebnisse des SVM-basierten Beobachter zeigen ahnliches Verhalten zum Kalman- Bucy Beobachter. Auch die Sensitivitatsanalyse der Parameter zeigt eine bessere Gute der SVM-basierten Beobachter im Vergleich mit den Kalman-Bucy Beobachtern. Im Anschluss wird der SVM-basierte Regler zur Schwingungsregelung des Kragtragers verwendet. Hierbei werden vergleichbare Ergebnisse zum LQR-Regler erzielt. Eine experimentelle Validierung des SVM basierten Reglers erfolgt an Versuchsst anden eines elastischen Biegebalkens sowie eines invertierten Biegebalkens. Die Zustandsbeobachtung fuhrt zu vergleichbaren Ergebnissen verglichen mit einem Kalman-Bucy Beobachter. Auch die Modellbildung des elastischen Balkens fuhrt zu guten Ubereinstimmungen. Die Regelgute des Soft-Computing basierenden Reglers wurde am Versuchsstand des invertierten Biegebalkens experimentell erprobt. Es wird deutlich, dass Ergebnisse im Rahmen der erforderlichen Vorgaben erzielt werden konnen.The focus of this thesis is to obtain a soft computing-based controller for complex mechanical system. soft computing based controllers are based on machine learning algorithm that able to develop suitable control strategies by direct interaction with targeted dynamic systems. Classical and modern control design methods depend on the accuracy of the system dynamic model which cannot be achieved due to the dynamic system complexity and modeling uncertainties. A soft computing-based controller aims to improve the performance of the close loop system and to give the controller adaptation ability as well as to reduce the need for mathematical modeling based on physical laws. In this work ve dierent softcomputing algorithms used in the eld of modeling and controlling dynamic systems are investigated.These algorithms are Multi-Layer Perceptron(MLP) network, Support Vector Machine (SVM),Gaussian process, Radial Basis Function (RBF), and Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). The basic mathematical description of each algorithm is given. Additionally, the most recent applications in modeling and controlling of dynamic system are summarized. A systematic evaluation of the ve algorithms is proposed. The goal of the evaluation is to provide quantitative measure of the performance of soft computing algorithms when used in modeling and controlling a dynamic system. Based on the evaluation, the SVM algorithm is selected as the core learning algorithm for the soft computing based controller. The controller has two main units. The rst unit has two functions of modeling dynamic system and obtaining a SVM-based observer. The second unit is in charge of generating suitable control strategy based on the dynamic model obtained. The verication of the controller using SVM algorithm is done using an elastic cantilever beam modeled using Finite Element Method (FEM). An elastic cantilever beam can be considered as a representation of exible single-link manipulator or aircraft wing. In the core of the modeling unit, an automatic system identication algorithm which allows a systematic modeling approach of dynamic systems is implemented. The results show that the system dynamic model using SVM algorithm is accurate with respect to the FEM model. As for the SVM-based observer the results show that it has good estimation in comparison with to dierent Kalman-Bucy observers. The sensitivity to parameters variations analysis shows that the SVM-based observer has better performance than Kalman-Bucy observer. The SVM based controller is used to control the vibration of the cantilever beam; the results show that the model reference controller using SVM has a similar performance to LQR controller. The validation of the controller using SVM algorithm is carried out using the elastic cantilever beam test rig and the inverted cantilever beam test rig. The states estimation using SVM-based observer of the elastic cantilever beam test rig is successful and accurate compared to a Kalman-Bucy observer. Modeling of the elastic cantilever beam using the SVM algorithm shows good accuracy. The performance of controller is tested on the inverted cantilever beam test rig. The results show that required performance objective can be realized using this control strategy

Advanced Strategies for Robot Manipulators

Amongst the robotic systems, robot manipulators have proven themselves to be of increasing importance and are widely adopted to substitute for human in repetitive and/or hazardous tasks. Modern manipulators are designed complicatedly and need to do more precise, crucial and critical tasks. So, the simple traditional control methods cannot be efficient, and advanced control strategies with considering special constraints are needed to establish. In spite of the fact that groundbreaking researches have been carried out in this realm until now, there are still many novel aspects which have to be explored

Proceedings of the ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Multibody Dynamics 2015

This volume contains the full papers accepted for presentation at the ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Multibody Dynamics 2015 held in the Barcelona School of Industrial Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, on June 29 - July 2, 2015. The ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Multibody Dynamics is an international meeting held once every two years in a European country. Continuing the very successful series of past conferences that have been organized in Lisbon (2003), Madrid (2005), Milan (2007), Warsaw (2009), Brussels (2011) and Zagreb (2013); this edition will once again serve as a meeting point for the international researchers, scientists and experts from academia, research laboratories and industry working in the area of multibody dynamics. Applications are related to many fields of contemporary engineering, such as vehicle and railway systems, aeronautical and space vehicles, robotic manipulators, mechatronic and autonomous systems, smart structures, biomechanical systems and nanotechnologies. The topics of the conference include, but are not restricted to: ● Formulations and Numerical Methods ● Efficient Methods and Real-Time Applications ● Flexible Multibody Dynamics ● Contact Dynamics and Constraints ● Multiphysics and Coupled Problems ● Control and Optimization ● Software Development and Computer Technology ● Aerospace and Maritime Applications ● Biomechanics ● Railroad Vehicle Dynamics ● Road Vehicle Dynamics ● Robotics ● Benchmark ProblemsPostprint (published version

Vibration, Control and Stability of Dynamical Systems

From Preface: This is the fourteenth time when the conference “Dynamical Systems: Theory and Applications” gathers a numerous group of outstanding scientists and engineers, who deal with widely understood problems of theoretical and applied dynamics. Organization of the conference would not have been possible without a great effort of the staff of the Department of Automation, Biomechanics and Mechatronics. The patronage over the conference has been taken by the Committee of Mechanics of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland. It is a great pleasure that our invitation has been accepted by recording in the history of our conference number of people, including good colleagues and friends as well as a large group of researchers and scientists, who decided to participate in the conference for the first time. With proud and satisfaction we welcomed over 180 persons from 31 countries all over the world. They decided to share the results of their research and many years experiences in a discipline of dynamical systems by submitting many very interesting papers. This year, the DSTA Conference Proceedings were split into three volumes entitled “Dynamical Systems” with respective subtitles: Vibration, Control and Stability of Dynamical Systems; Mathematical and Numerical Aspects of Dynamical System Analysis and Engineering Dynamics and Life Sciences. Additionally, there will be also published two volumes of Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics entitled “Dynamical Systems in Theoretical Perspective” and “Dynamical Systems in Applications”

Modeling and Control of a Multibody Hinge-BargeWave Energy Converter

Wave Energy Converters (WECs) are devices used to extract energy from the waves. The particular WEC considered in this thesis is a three-body hinge-barge WEC, which is an articulated floating structure composed of 3 rectangular bodies interconnected by hinges, and it operates longitudinally to the direction to the incoming wave. The relative motion between each pair of bodies drives a Power Take-Off (PTO) system, which extracts the energy from the waves. The objective of this thesis is to increase the energy that can be extracted by a three-body hinge-barge WEC using an optimal control strategy, which computes the optimal loads applied by the PTOs driven by the relative motion between the bodies. The optimal control is formulated in the time domain, and computes the PTO loads in a coordinated way, so that the total energy extracted by the device is maximized. The optimal control strategy is formulated for a three-body hinge-barge WEC that is equipped with either passive or active PTOs. In this thesis, an optimal control strategy, for the maximization of the energy extracted by a three-body hinge-barge WEC, is derived with Pseudo-Spectral (PS) methods, which are a subset of the class of techniques used for the discretisation of integral and partial differential equations known as mean weighted residuals. In particular, PS methods based on Fourier basis functions, are used to derive an optimal control strategy, for a finite time horizon. Therefore, an optimal control strategy, with PS methods based on Fourier basis functions, cannot be applied for realtime control of the WEC, as Fourier basis functions can only represent the steady-state response of the WEC. However, PS methods based on Fourier basis functions provide a useful framework for the evaluation of the achievable power absorption performance of the WEC, with both active and passive PTOs. The Receding Horizon (RH) real-time optimal control of a three-body hingebarge WEC is derived with PS methods based on Half-Range Chebyshev-Fourier (HRCF) basis functions. The RH optimal real-time controller, with PS methods based on HRCF basis functions, maximizes the energy extracted by the WEC at each time step over a moving control horizon. In contrast to Fourier basis functions, HRCF basis functions are well suited for the approximation of non-periodic signals, allowing the representation of both the transient and steady-state response of the WEC. The optimal control strategy, with PS methods based on either Fourier or HRCF basis functions, is based on a dynamic model of the device, which is derived with two different modeling methodologies, that can be also applied to other types of multiple body WECs. The modeling methodologies are validated against wave-tank tests carried out on a 1/7th scale two-body hingebarge device, and a 1/25th and 1/20th scale three-body hinge-barge device