Relationships of Kindergarten Children’s BMI amongst Parental Body Dissatisfaction and Dietary Restraint: A Case Study in Hong Kong

Objective: In this study, the aim was to explore the relationships of kindergarten children’s BMI amongst parental factors such as parental BMI, body dissatisfaction, parental dietary restraint, child weight concern and child weightfocused restrictive feeding. Method: 466 kindergarten students’ parents were participated in this study. A self-administrated questionnaire was distributed to parents. Independent t-test, one way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation were performed to analyze the relationships amongst different factors contributing to children’s BMI. Results: 30% parents and 37% children were found either overweight or obese. The six pathways in the proposed model were all significantly correlated. It was found that parental BMI significantly correlated with body dissatisfaction [r (466)=0.282, p Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed the presence of upward trend of childhood obesity in Hong Kong. In addition, parental body dissatisfaction was found to be a significant factor to determine parental dietary restraint, which was associated with child weight-focused restrictive feeding and finally affected child BMI

Assessing food appeal and desire to eat: the effects of portion size & energy density

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Visual presentation of food provides considerable information such as its potential for palatability and availability, both of which can impact eating behavior.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We investigated the subjective ratings for food appeal and desire to eat when exposed to food pictures in a fed sample (n = 129) using the computer paradigm ImageRate. Food appeal and desire to eat were analyzed for the effects of food group, portion size and energy density of the foods presented as well as by participant characteristics.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Food appeal ratings were significantly higher than those for desire to eat (57.9 ± 11.6 v. 44.7 ± 18.0; <it>p </it>< 0.05). Body mass index was positively correlated to desire to eat (<it>r </it>= 0.20; <it>p </it>< 0.05), but not food appeal. Food category analyses revealed that fruit was the highest rated food category for both appeal and desire, followed by discretionary foods. Additionally, overweight individuals reported higher ratings of desire to eat large portions of food compared to smaller portions (<it>p </it>< 0.001), although these effects were relatively small. Energy density of the foods was inversely correlated with ratings for both appeal and desire (<it>r</it>'s = - 0.27; <it>p</it>'s < 0.01).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Results support the hypothesis that individuals differentiate between food appeal and desire to eat foods when assessing these ratings using the same type of metric. Additionally, relations among food appeal and desire to eat ratings and body mass show overweight individuals could be more responsive to visual foods cues in a manner that contributes to obesity.</p

Effect of Exercise on Attentional Bias to Food in Restrained and Emotional Eaters

The goal of the current study was to determine the extent to which exercise or exposure to exercise through exercise-related reading material affect attentional bias to high- and low-calorie foods in restrained and emotional eaters. Ninety-three female undergraduates participated for 20 minutes in either an Exercise condition (n = 32), in which they exercised on a stationary bike; an Exercise magazine condition (n = 30), in which they read a magazine about exercise, or a Neutral magazine condition (n = 31), in which they read a magazine that was not about exercise. Attentional bias was assessed prior to and following the exercise manipulation through a dot probe paradigm that used picture pairs consisting of a high- or low-calorie food and a non-food object. Restrained eaters relative to unrestrained eaters exhibited an attentional bias away from images of high-calorie foods irrespective of time or condition. Non-emotional eaters, on the other hand, exhibited decreased attention bias towards both high- and low-calorie foods following exercise. They also exhibited decreased attentional bias to images of low-calorie foods after reading a neutral magazine. These results suggest responses to high- or low-calorie foods in females depend on levels of dietary restraint and that interventions, such as exercise, differentially affect attentional biases to foods depending on the eating habits of the individual

Emotsionaalse söömise küsimustiku konstrueerimine ja valideerimine

Käesoleva seminaritöö eesmärk oli koostada emotsionaalset söömist hindav küsimustik ja uurida selle konstruktivaliidsust. Uuringus osalenud 537 naise andmeid analüüsides osutus faktoranalüüsi tulemusena parimaks kahefaktoriline lahend, mis seletab ära suure osa andmete üldhajuvusest ning demonstreerib kogu- ja alaskaalade lõikes adekvaatset kuni kõrget sisereliaablust. Alaskaalasid Söömine vastusena negatiivsetele emotsioonidele ja Söömine vastusena positiivsetele emotsioonidele võrreldi Söömishäirete Hindamise Skaala (SHS) ja Emotsioonide Reguleerimise Raskuste Skaala (ERRS) kogu- ja alaskaaladega. Alaskaala Söömine vastusena negatiivsetele emotsioonidele näitas head konvergentset valiidsust liigsöömishoogude uurimise osas. Samuti erinesid negatiivsetele ja positiivsetele emotsioonidele söömisega reageerijad mitte-reageerijatest SHS ja ERRS kogu- ja alaskaalade lõikes, mis viitab emotsionaalse söömise võimalikule seotusele söömispatoloogiaga. Kuna alaskaala Söömine vastusena negatiivsetele emotsioonidele korrelatsiooniseosed SHS ja ERRS kogu- ja alaskaaladega on kõrgemad kui alaskaala Söömine vastusena positiivsetele emotsioonidele puhul, võib alaskaalat Söömine vastusena negatiivsetele emotsioonidele pidada paljulubavaks mõõtevahendiks liigsöömishoogude uurimisel. Kuna positiivseid emotsioone on söömiskäitumise kontekstis vähe uuritud, on oluline alaskaala Söömine vastusena positiivsetele emotsioonidele tulemuste tõlgendamisse suhtuda ettevaatlikkusega.http://www.ester.ee/record=b4431582~S1*es

Thinking about Eating Food Activates Visual Cortex with Reduced Bilateral Cerebellar Activation in Females with Anorexia Nervosa: An fMRI Study

Background: Women with anorexia nervosa (AN) have aberrant cognitions about food and altered activity in prefrontal cortical and somatosensory regions to food images. However, differential effects on the brain when thinking about eating food between healthy women and those with AN is unknown. Methods: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) examined neural activation when 42 women thought about eating the food shown in images: 18 with AN (11 RAN, 7 BPAN) and 24 age-matched controls (HC). Results: Group contrasts between HC and AN revealed reduced activation in AN in the bilateral cerebellar vermis, and increased activation in the right visual cortex. Preliminary comparisons between AN subtypes and healthy controls suggest differences in cortical and limbic regions. Conclusions: These preliminary data suggest that thinking about eating food shown in images increases visual and prefrontal cortical neural responses in females with AN, which may underlie cognitive biases towards food stimuli and ruminations about controlling food intake. Future studies are needed to explicitly test how thinking about eating activates restraint cognitions, specifically in those with restricting vs. binge-purging AN subtypes

Neural changes associated with appetite information processing in schizophrenic patients after 16 weeks of olanzapine treatment

There is evidence that some atypical antipsychotics, including olanzapine, can produce unwanted metabolic side effects, weight gain and diabetes. However, neuronal correlates of change related to food information processing have not been investigated with these medications. We studied the effect of a pharmacological manipulation with an antipsychotic known to cause weight gain on metabolites, cognitive tasks and neural correlates related to food regulation. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging in conjunction with a task requiring visual processing of appetitive stimuli in schizophrenic patients and healthy controls before and after 16 weeks of antipsychotic medication with olanzapine. In patients, the psychological and neuronal changes associated following the treatment correlated with appetite control measures and metabolite levels in fasting blood samples. After 16 weeks of olanzapine treatment, the patients gained weight, increased their waist circumference, had fewer positive schizophrenia symptoms, a reduced ghrelin plasma concentration and an increased concentration of triglycerides, insulin and leptin. In premotor area, somatosensory cortices as well as bilaterally in the fusiform gyri, the olanzapine treatment increased the neural activity related to appetitive information in schizophrenic patients to similar levels relative to healthy individuals. However, a higher increase in sensitivity to appetitive stimuli after the treatment was observed in insular cortices, amygdala and cerebellum in schizophrenic patients as compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, these changes in neuronal activity correlated with changes in some metabolites and cognitive measurements related to appetite regulation

Much Ado About Missingness: A Demonstration of Full Information Maximum Likelihood Estimation to Address Missingness in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data

The current paper leveraged a large multi-study functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) dataset (N = 363) and a generated missingness paradigm to demonstrate different approaches for handling missing fMRI data under a variety of conditions. The performance of full information maximum likelihood (FIML) estimation, both with and without auxiliary variables, and listwise deletion were compared under different conditions of generated missing data volumes (i.e., 20, 35, and 50%). FIML generally performed better than listwise deletion in replicating results from the full dataset, but differences were small in the absence of auxiliary variables that correlated strongly with fMRI task data. However, when an auxiliary variable created to correlate r = 0.5 with fMRI task data was included, the performance of the FIML model improved, suggesting the potential value of FIML-based approaches for missing fMRI data when a strong auxiliary variable is available. In addition to primary methodological insights, the current study also makes an important contribution to the literature on neural vulnerability factors for obesity. Specifically, results from the full data model show that greater activation in regions implicated in reward processing (caudate and putamen) in response to tastes of milkshake significantly predicted weight gain over the following year. Implications of both methodological and substantive findings are discussed