Visualisasi Co-Authorship Peneliti IPB Menggunakan Metode Chi

Institut Pertanian Bogor merupakan salah satu universitas yang memiliki jumlah peneliti dan publikasi yang banyak di Indonesia. Publikasi menjadi salah satu faktor penilaian bagi suatu universitas. Setiap tahunnya, peneliti di IPB didorong untuk menghasilkan publikasi, baik dalam bentuk jurnal, prosiding, makalah, buku, dan lain sebagainya. Salah satu lembaga kredibel yang menjadi tujuan publikasi peneliti adalah Scopus. Sampai tahun 2017, terdapat 3701 publikasi dengan affiliasi dari IPB di Scopus dalam bentuk tabular. Data tersebut sangat berguna jika dilakukan analisis co-authorship untuk melihat produktivitas dari setiap peneliti. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan suatu metode penyajian data untuk menyampaikan informasi secara lebih efektif yaitu dengan teknik visualisasi. Penelitian ini telah menghasilkan sistem informasi untuk visualisasi co-authorship peneliti IPB dengan metode Chi. Visualisasi co-authorship peneliti IPB berupa graf, dengan node merepresentasikan peneliti dan edge merepresentasikan hubungan peneliti berdasarkan kerjasama publikasi yang telah dilakukan. Ukuran node menunjukkan jumlah publikasi setiap peneliti, warna node menunjukkan affiliasi peneliti, dan warna edge menunjukkan banyaknya publikasi yang dilakukan bersama. Sistem informasi yang telah dihasilkan dapat melakukan pencarian nama peneliti, select node untuk melihat informasi dari peneliti, filter graf berdasarkan affiliasi, dan melakukan zoom in atau zoom out pada graf.Kata Kunci: co-authorship, IPB, peneliti, sistem informasi, visualisas

Recent Advances on The Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Graphene Nanoplatelets Composites: A Short Review

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) have attracted significant attention in the field of thermal management materials due to their unique morphology and remarkable thermal conductive properties. In addition, their impressive thermal properties make them interesting nanofillers for producing multifunctional composite materials with a multitude range of applications. This work specifically reviews the recent advances of the application of GNPs as nanofillers for the development of enhanced thermal conductivity of various materials or composites. In this review, the insight on the improved thermal conductivity of the composites bestowed by the GNPs with comprehensive comparison are briefly discussed. This review might unlock windows of opportunities and paves the way towards the production of enhanced materials for thermal applications including electronics, aerospace devices, batteries, and structural reinforcement

Soybean

Soybean is an agricultural crop of tremendous economic importance. Soybean and food items derived from it form dietary components of numerous people, especially those living in the Orient. The health benefits of soybean have attracted the attention of nutritionists as well as common people

Development of stable liquid water-in-oil emulsions by modifying emulsifier-aqueous phase interactions

This research investigated the stabilization mechanism of liquid water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions by modifying emulsifiers, aqueous and continuous phase compositions, and interactions. At first, liquid W/O emulsions were developed to resist multiple thermal cycles for their application in droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), which significantly improved the detection limit of conventional PCR. Thermally stable coarse W/O emulsions as DNA microreactors were developed with polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) as emulsifiers dissolved in a mixture of light and heavy mineral oil, with a range of viscosities. Coarse emulsions, formed by vortex mixing, were subjected to PCR thermal-cycling, after which AOT-stabilized water droplets remained stable; however, PGPR-stabilized water droplets size significantly increased. Higher AOT molecular packing at the interface was proposed as the mechanism of thermal stability. Next, the (de)-stabilization mechanism of glycerol monooleate (GMO)-stabilized liquid W/O emulsions in mineral (MO) and canola oil (CO) was investigated. It was hypothesized that hydroxyl group donating agents in the aqueous phase would prevent GMO's desorption from the oil-water interface by forming stronger hydrogen bonding. W/O emulsions with 20% aqueous phase were formed by high-pressure homogenizer. Of the three agents, emulsions with low methoxyl pectin (LMP) showed the highest stability in both oils after 7-day storage compared to citric or ascorbic acid with or without sodium chloride. Water and GMO melting behaviour, determined by differential scanning calorimetry, and intermolecular interaction by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed stronger H-bonding between GMO and LMP, thereby improving emulsion stability. Finally, the viscoelastic behaviour of GMO-stabilized W/O emulsion was improved such that an elastic gel could be formed by increasing the water content (20 to 50 wt%) and incorporating specific ingredients in the continuous and dispersed phases for application in food-grade low-fat tablespreads. Fully hydrogenated soybean oil was incorporated in CO to create a fat crystal network in the continuous phase. Emulsions with LMP in the aqueous phase exhibited self-supported structure without phase-separation while control emulsions, without LMP, showed flow or water separation. All emulsions exhibited strong gel-like properties; however, control emulsions showed structure breakup after 30-day storage. Overall, the studies in liquid W/O emulsions were the basis to improve our understanding of the molecular assembly and interactions at the W-O interface, which subsequently supported the research to enhance emulsion elasticity

Modeling and Experimental Study of Thermal Management for Infrastructure Surface Materials

The rapid growth of population and climate change has subjected our civil infrastructures to high load demands and fast aging or degradation over time. Temperature plays a key role in the performance of the aging infrastructure in form of thermal stress and cracking, temperature-induced material aging and degradation, temperature-dependent deformation, and softening. Thus, the importance of predicting the consequent behavior of the infrastructures under environmental conditions becomes imperative. This research characterizes three infrastructure surface materials, namely asphalt pavement, solar panels, and phase change materials (PCM), models the efficacy of modifiers and novel methods to improve their performance and uses these materials in the design and testing of thermal management systems for different applications. The connection between these materials is the thermal management in pavement overlays, which can be extended to other infrastructure surfaces. Asphalt pavement modified with recycled crumb rubber (CR) is a sustainable way to reuse the millions of tires that used to end in landfills. However, the ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun have been shown to adversely affect the asphalt’s performance in the long run. The severe photo-oxidation can cause changes in the volatile components of the asphalt and result in hardening, aging, and thermal cracks in it. The effect of UV rays on the rubber-modified asphalt may be even more complex due to the presence of crumb rubber particles and their chemical/physical incompatibility and changes in the glass transition. In order to examine these effects, a PG 64-22 is modified with two percentages of 16.6 wt.% and 20.0 wt.% crumb rubber. Results show the specific heat capacities increase with UV aging with 16.6% having the highest value. The addition of the rubber particles does not change the chemical composition of the binder as confirmed by the elemental analysis. However, after UV exposure, peaks associated with carbonyl and sulfoxide are observed, proving that the rubber-modified binder is subject to photo-oxidation as well. The 16.6. wt.% shows the best performance against aging with the lowest sulfoxide index and the highest aliphatic index. Another advantage of adding crumb rubber particles is the formation of a matrix due to the crosslinking of the rubber particles with the binder after being heated, as approved by microscopic images. The carbon nanotubes (CNT) are used to modify the asphalt binder to improve its rheological characteristics while also enhancing the thermal conductivity of the mixture to facilitate the transfer of heat to the surface. In this study, two samples of 3% and 6% multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are prepared using a foaming technology. Foaming the asphalt via water lowers its viscosity and temperature resulting in the saving of the base material and consumed energy while increasing the coating of the aggregates. The results show the CNTs can improve the thermal conductivity of the foamed binder by almost 2X while not negatively affect its rheology. For the other end of the thermal management system, a new hydronic system is introduced for the building integrated photovoltaics and thermal (BIPVT) silicon module that acts for the dual objectives of collecting heat to be used for the thermal management of the pavement and controlling the surface temperature of the solar module itself for the optimal efficiency under different operating conditions. The BIPVT panel with different flow rates of 100 to 600 ml/min were tested for the effectiveness of the cooling design. The results from experiments and simulations show that at 200 ml/min, an optimal balance for the performance of the panel is achieved to not only reduce the temperature of the panel from 88°C to 65°C, but also generate a partially heated water outlet of 37°C (compared with the 23°C inlet) that can be used for the hot water system of the building, or as the inlet feed to the hydronic cooling/heating pavement system. In addition, the BIPVT design proves to restore the power of the solar module by 24.6% at a 200 ml/min flow rate, as confirmed from the I-V curves. Finally, the feasibility study of converting the waste animal fat to a phase change material (PCM) is explored. In PCMs, the high latent heat characteristics are used to store or release energy during the phase change. The use of PCMs can significantly lower the temperature variation of buildings and the consequent energy use. While most common PCMs are paraffin-based and too expensive for large scale applications, a bio-based and more economic alternative could be the key to its vast use in infrastructure systems. However, more research is needed to achieve an animal fat PCM with high latent heat values. In this study, characterizing the raw fat shows a ~20% saturated content. After hydrolysis, the saturated portion has been increased to 65%, but the improvement in the latent is not significant. However, after separation of the fatty acids by use of crystallization, the resulting fully saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) show a 3.5X increase in the value of the latent heat, increasing it from ~55 J/g for free fatty acids to ~195 J/g for saturated fatty acids. The promising results of the high latent heat values make the current bio-based PCM a good alternative that needs to be further explored in the future to be used for applications in buildings and BIPVT panels. Overall, the results of this PhD study provide a comprehensive understanding of materials and systems for thermal management of asphalt pavements and enable the design and development of durable self-heated pavements, which can be immediately extended to other infrastructure applications such as wall panels, net-zero buildings, and solar panels

Mathematical model of interactions immune system with Micobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem in the world, because of the increasing prevalence and treatment outcomes are less satisfactory. About 3 million people die each year and an estimated one third of the world's population infected with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (M.tb) is latent. This is apparently related to incomplete understanding of the immune system in infection M.tb. When this has been known that immune responses that play a role in controlling the development of M.tb is Macrophages, T Lymphocytes and Cytokines as mediators. However, how the interaction between the two populations and a variety of cytokines in suppressing the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis germ is still unclear. To be able to better understand the dynamics of infection with M tuberculosis host immune response is required of a model.One interesting study on the interaction of the immune system with M.tb mulalui mathematical model approach. Mathematical model is a good tool in understanding the dynamic behavior of a system. With the mediation of mathematical models are expected to know what variables are most responsible for suppressing the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis germ that can be a more appropriate approach to treatment and prevention target is to develop a vaccine. This research aims to create dynamic models of interaction between macrophages (Macrophages resting, macrophages activated and macrophages infected), T lymphocytes (CD4 + T cells and T cells CD8 +) and cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10,IL-12,IFN-dan TNF-) on TB infection in the lung. To see the changes in each variable used parameter values derived from experimental literature. With the understanding that the variable most responsible for defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis germs, it can be used as the basis for the development of a vaccine or drug delivery targeted so hopefully will improve the management of patients with tuberculosis. Mathematical models used in building Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) in the form of differential equation systems Non-linear first order, the equation contains the functions used in biological systems such as the Hill function, Monod function, Menten- Kinetic Function. To validate the system used 4th order Runge Kutta method with the help of software in making the program Matlab or Maple to view the behavior and the quantity of cells of each population

Book of abstracts of the 10th International Chemical and Biological Engineering Conference: CHEMPOR 2008

This book contains the extended abstracts presented at the 10th International Chemical and Biological Engineering Conference - CHEMPOR 2008, held in Braga, Portugal, over 3 days, from the 4th to the 6th of September, 2008. Previous editions took place in Lisboa (1975, 1889, 1998), Braga (1978), Póvoa de Varzim (1981), Coimbra (1985, 2005), Porto (1993), and Aveiro (2001). The conference was jointly organized by the University of Minho, “Ordem dos Engenheiros”, and the IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering with the usual support of the “Sociedade Portuguesa de Química” and, by the first time, of the “Sociedade Portuguesa de Biotecnologia”. Thirty years elapsed since CHEMPOR was held at the University of Minho, organized by T.R. Bott, D. Allen, A. Bridgwater, J.J.B. Romero, L.J.S. Soares and J.D.R.S. Pinheiro. We are fortunate to have Profs. Bott, Soares and Pinheiro in the Honor Committee of this 10th edition, under the high Patronage of his Excellency the President of the Portuguese Republic, Prof. Aníbal Cavaco Silva. The opening ceremony will confer Prof. Bott with a “Long Term Achievement” award acknowledging the important contribution Prof. Bott brought along more than 30 years to the development of the Chemical Engineering science, to the launch of CHEMPOR series and specially to the University of Minho. Prof. Bott’s inaugural lecture will address the importance of effective energy management in processing operations, particularly in the effectiveness of heat recovery and the associated reduction in greenhouse gas emission from combustion processes. The CHEMPOR series traditionally brings together both young and established researchers and end users to discuss recent developments in different areas of Chemical Engineering. The scope of this edition is broadening out by including the Biological Engineering research. One of the major core areas of the conference program is life quality, due to the importance that Chemical and Biological Engineering plays in this area. “Integration of Life Sciences & Engineering” and “Sustainable Process-Product Development through Green Chemistry” are two of the leading themes with papers addressing such important issues. This is complemented with additional leading themes including “Advancing the Chemical and Biological Engineering Fundamentals”, “Multi-Scale and/or Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Process-Product Innovation”, “Systematic Methods and Tools for Managing the Complexity”, and “Educating Chemical and Biological Engineers for Coming Challenges” which define the extended abstracts arrangements along this book. A total of 516 extended abstracts are included in the book, consisting of 7 invited lecturers, 15 keynote, 105 short oral presentations given in 5 parallel sessions, along with 6 slots for viewing 389 poster presentations. Full papers are jointly included in the companion Proceedings in CD-ROM. All papers have been reviewed and we are grateful to the members of scientific and organizing committees for their evaluations. It was an intensive task since 610 submitted abstracts from 45 countries were received. It has been an honor for us to contribute to setting up CHEMPOR 2008 during almost two years. We wish to thank the authors who have contributed to yield a high scientific standard to the program. We are thankful to the sponsors who have contributed decisively to this event. We also extend our gratefulness to all those who, through their dedicated efforts, have assisted us in this task. On behalf of the Scientific and Organizing Committees we wish you that together with an interesting reading, the scientific program and the social moments organized will be memorable for all.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Proceedings of the 10th International Chemical and Biological Engineering Conference - CHEMPOR 2008

This volume contains full papers presented at the 10th International Chemical and Biological Engineering Conference - CHEMPOR 2008, held in Braga, Portugal, between September 4th and 6th, 2008.FC

New strategies on sample preparation and on platforms development for targeted and untargeted metabolomics analysis

La investigación realizada ha implicado: -Un estudio en profundidad de la bibliografía relacionada con el trabajo planteado, complementado con una actualización continua durante todo el desarrollo de la tesis para mantener la investigación en primera línea. Se prestó especial atención a temas relacionados con la preparación de la muestra y la metabolómica, incluyendo una herramienta comúnmente utilizada por el grupo de investigación al que pertenece la doctoranda: los ultrasonidos (US) usados como energía auxiliar para favorecer etapas analíticas. De hecho, la extracción asistida por US (USAE) [1], los US y la metabolómica [2] y el controvertido efecto de los US en la actividad enzimática [3] han dado lugar a tres publicaciones que constituyen la Sección A de la tesis. -La hidrólisis de la oleuropeína en extractos de hojas de olivo acelerada por diferentes hidrolasas y por la acción de los US (USAEH) [4] (que abre la puerta al complejo mundo del binomio enzimas–US), el uso de una plataforma basada en cromatografía líquida y espectrometría de masas en tándem (LC–QTOF MS/MS) que proporcionó los datos para la identificación tentativa de 123 metabolitos de extractos que habían producido la inhibición de la proteasa NS3 del virus de la hepatitis-C [5] constituyen logros plasmados en publicaciones. Otro de los logros fue la exhaustiva identificación de los componentes de una planta controvertida, Cannabis sativa L., mediante plataformas basadas en cromatografía de gases–espectrometría de masas de tiempo de vuelo (GC–TOF/MS) y LC– QTOF MS/MS [6]. Estas investigaciones, que constituyen la Sección B de la tesis, abren nuevas líneas de trabajo en metabolómica vegetal. -El exhaustivo estudio de una muestra apenas usada en clínica, el sudor, que ha consistido en: (1) el desarrollo de procedimientos para el muestreo y la preparación de la muestra — los primeros basados en estimulación de la sudoración mediante ejercicio moderado, mediante la forma convencional basada en estimulación química+eléctrica y por disolución de sudor seco utilizando soportes sólidos impregnados de los disolventes adecuados. (2) El análisis metabolómico de los dos primeros tipos de muestras y su comparación con sudor obtenido mediante el último tipo de muestreo [8,9]; todo lo cual forma parte de la Sección C. En todos los casos, el análisis no dirigido permitió establecer el perfil del tipo de muestra que debe obtenerse dependiendo de los metabolitos de interés (compuestos polares, no polares o de polaridad media), que se sometieron a análisis no dirigido para su identificación tentativa en todos los tipos de sudor muestreado. La Sección C también recoge un estudio sobre muestreo de sudor después de ejercicio moderado, en el que se comparó su composición con la de sudor obtenido mediante muestreo pasivo utilizando diferentes procedimientos de inducción. Se ensayaron diferentes estrategias de preparación de muestra incluyendo estrategias de derivatización para obtener instantáneas representativas del metaboloma del sudor, especialmente de los metabolitos no polares, como corresponde al uso de una plataforma GC–MS [8]. Además, en la Sección C, se usaron como muestreadores de sudor seco diferentes soportes sólidos impregnados con diferentes disolventes y las composiciones de las muestras se compararon entre sí y también con la composición del sudor fresco. Todas las muestras se analizaron mediante dos plataformas, GC–MS y LC–MS/MS, y los resultados mostraron que el sudor seco es más adecuado para el análisis de los metabolitos de baja polaridad, mientras que el sudor fresco es más apropiado para compuestos polares [9]. La última de las investigaciones contenidas en la Sección C se refiere a aminoácidos existentes en sudor. Estos compuestos son metabolitos claves en la diagnosis y tratamiento de diversas enfermedades, como el cáncer, por lo que se determinan en diferentes biofluidos. La determinación cuantitativa de estos compuestos en sudor requirió la optimización de la preparación de la muestra que, dependiendo de la concentración, puede consistir en simple dilución o en microextracción centrífuga en fase sólida (c-SPμE) como etapa previa a la inserción en un cromatógrafo de líquidos conectado a un espectrómetro de masas de triple cuadrupolo [7]. En los estudios de metabolómica clínica que se recogen en la Sección D se compararon diferentes estrategias de preparación de la muestra para la obtención del perfil de metabolitos en sudor con el uso de una plataforma GC–TOF/MS en modo de alta resolución [10]. La comparación mostró que una etapa de metoximación más sililación tras la desproteinización era la opción más adecuada para conocer la situación instantánea del metaboloma del sudor. También la Sección D recoge el estudio de muestras de sudor procedentes de dos cohortes de pacientes de cáncer de pulmón, analizadas mediante LC–QTOF MS/MS para configurar paneles de biomarcadores con los que discriminar estos pacientes de fumadores como individuos con factor de riesgo [11]. El uso de una herramienta como PanelomiX permitió reducir los falsos negativos (95% de especificidad) y los falsos positivos (95% de sensibilidad) y la proposición de dos paneles de biomarcadores: uno, con 96.9% de especificidad y 83.8% de sensibilidad, compuesto por el monoglicérido MG(22:2), los ácidos mucónico, subérico y urocánico y una tetrahexosa; el otro con 81.2% de especificidad y el 97.3% de sensibilidad, compuesto por el monoglicérido MG(22:2), los ácidos mucónico, nonanodioico y urocánico, y una tetrahexosa.The performed research has involved: -An in-depth study of the literature related to the planned work, complemented with a continuous updating during the development of the target studies that will keep the research in the front line. Especial attention have been paid to sample preparation and metabolomics, including a tool commonly used by the PhD student research team: ultrasound (US) used as auxiliary energy to favor analytical steps. Thus, US-assisted extraction (USAE) [1], US and metabolomics [2] and the controversial effect of US on enzymatic activity [3] gave place to three publications that constitute Section A of the thesis. -The hydrolysis of oleuropein in olive leaf extracts accelerated by different hydrolases and by US action (USAEH) [4] (which opens the door to the complex enzymes–US world), and the use of a liquid chromatography–time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF MS/MS) platform to obtain the data for tentative identification of 123 metabolites in extracts that had shown inhibition of the protease NS3 of hepatitis-C virus (HCV) [ 5] constitute key achievements. Another achievement was the in-depth identification of the components of a controversial plant, Cannabis sativa L., by gas chromatography–time-offlight mass spectrometry (GC–TOF/MS) and LC–QTOF MS/MS platforms [6]. All these investigations, which constitute Section B of the thesis, open new research lines in plant metabolomics. -An in-depth study of an almost not used sample in clinical, sweat, has consisted of : (1) the development of sampling and sample preparation procedures —the first ones based on sweat stimulation of sweat by moderate exercise, by the conventional via based on chemical+electrical stimulation and on dissolution of dry sweat by using solid supports impregnated with appropriate solvents. (2) The metabolomics analysis of the first two types of samples and their comparison with sweat obtained by the last kind of sampling [8,9]; all of which is part of Section C. The untargeted analysis in all cases allowed setting the pattern of the type of sample to be obtained depending on the metabolites of interest (polar, no polar or medium polarity compounds), all which were subjected to untargeted analysis for tentative identification in all types of sampled sweat. Section C also includes a study on sweat sampling after moderate exercise, in which the composition of this biofluid was compared with that of sweat obtained by passive sampling using different sweat induction procedures. Different sample preparation strategies, including derivatization strategies, were assayed to obtain a representative snapshot of sweat metabolome, mainly of no polar metabolites as corresponds to the use of a GC–MS platform [8]. Moreover, different solid supports impregnated with different solvents were used as dry sweat samplers and the composition of the collected samples was compared among them, and also with the composition of fresh sweat. All the samples were analyzed by a dual approach, GC–MS and LC–MS/MS, and the results showed that dry sweat is better for analysis of low polar metabolites and fresh sweat is more suited for polar compounds [9]. The last of the research contained in Section C refers to amino acids existing in sweat. These compounds are key metabolites in the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases such as cancer; therefore, they are determined in common biofluids. Quantitative determination of these compounds in sweat has required optimization of the sample preparation step which, depending on the concentration, can consist either on simple dilution or centrifugal microsolid-phase extraction (c-SPμE) prior to insertion into a liquid chromatograph connected to a triple quadrupole mass detector [7]. In the clinical metabolomics studies that constitute Section D, different sample preparation strategies were compared to obtain the profile of sweat metabolites by a GC– TOF/MS platform in high resolution mode [10]. The comparison showed that methoxymation plus silylation after deproteination was the most suited option to obtain a representative snapshot of sweat metabolome. Section D also contains the study of sweat samples, from two cohorts of lung-cancer patients, subjected to analysis by LC–QTOF MS/MS to configure biomarker panels to discriminate these patients from smokers as risk factor individuals [11]. The use of the PanelomiX tool allowed reducing false negatives (95% specificity) and false positives (95% sensitivity), and proposing two biomarker panels: one, with 96.9% specificity and 83.8% sensitivity, composed by monoglyceride MG(22:2), muconic, suberic and urocanic acids and a tetrahexose; and the other with 81.2% specificity and 97.3% sensitivity, and composed by monoglyceride MG(22:2), muconic, nonanodioic and urocanic acids, and a tetrahexose

Biomass Processing for Biofuels, Bioenergy and Chemicals

Biomass can be used to produce renewable electricity, thermal energy, transportation fuels (biofuels), and high-value functional chemicals. As an energy source, biomass can be used either directly via combustion to produce heat or indirectly after it is converted to one of many forms of bioenergy and biofuel via thermochemical or biochemical pathways. The conversion of biomass can be achieved using various advanced methods, which are broadly classified into thermochemical conversion, biochemical conversion, electrochemical conversion, and so on. Advanced development technologies and processes are able to convert biomass into alternative energy sources in solid (e.g., charcoal, biochar, and RDF), liquid (biodiesel, algae biofuel, bioethanol, and pyrolysis and liquefaction bio-oils), and gaseous (e.g., biogas, syngas, and biohydrogen) forms. Because of the merits of biomass energy for environmental sustainability, biofuel and bioenergy technologies play a crucial role in renewable energy development and the replacement of chemicals by highly functional biomass. This book provides a comprehensive overview and in-depth technical research addressing recent progress in biomass conversion processes. It also covers studies on advanced techniques and methods for bioenergy and biofuel production