A Study of Cross Layer Design compare with Layer Design for MANET

Mobile Ad – hoc networks (MANET) are becoming increasingly popular in wireless technology, especially for providing services in disaster area. Mobile users are looking forward to new technologies that allow them to communicate anytime, anywhere, and using any communication device. Mobile ad – hoc networks suffer from several performance limitations, especially related to excessive burden deriving from the layering approach for the TCP / IP protocol stack design. In fact, TCP / IP protocol stack originally designed for wired networks and it is not suitable for wireless and mobile ad hoc networks. In this paper, it focuses on cross layer network design which is especially for wireless and mobile ad hoc networks. The main objective is to how cross layer differ from layered design, cross layer design approaches, challenges of cross layer design and implementation of cross layer design based MANET. And also this article brief the readers an overview of cross layer concept while discussing different cross layer proposals given by researchers

Ubiquitous robust communications for emergency response using multi-operator heterogeneous networks

A number of disasters in various places of the planet have caused an extensive loss of lives, severe damages to properties and the environment, as well as a tremendous shock to the survivors. For relief and mitigation operations, emergency responders are immediately dispatched to the disaster areas. Ubiquitous and robust communications during the emergency response operations are of paramount importance. Nevertheless, various reports have highlighted that after many devastating events, the current technologies used, failed to support the mission critical communications, resulting in further loss of lives. Inefficiencies of the current communications used for emergency response include lack of technology inter-operability between different jurisdictions, and high vulnerability due to their centralized infrastructure. In this article, we propose a flexible network architecture that provides a common networking platform for heterogeneous multi-operator networks, for interoperation in case of emergencies. A wireless mesh network is the main part of the proposed architecture and this provides a back-up network in case of emergencies. We first describe the shortcomings and limitations of the current technologies, and then we address issues related to the applications and functionalities a future emergency response network should support. Furthermore, we describe the necessary requirements for a flexible, secure, robust, and QoS-aware emergency response multi-operator architecture, and then we suggest several schemes that can be adopted by our proposed architecture to meet those requirements. In addition, we suggest several methods for the re-tasking of communication means owned by independent individuals to provide support during emergencies. In order to investigate the feasibility of multimedia transmission over a wireless mesh network, we measured the performance of a video streaming application in a real wireless metropolitan multi-radio mesh network, showing that the mesh network can meet the requirements for high quality video transmissions

Communication and Control in Collaborative UAVs: Recent Advances and Future Trends

The recent progress in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) technology has significantly advanced UAV-based applications for military, civil, and commercial domains. Nevertheless, the challenges of establishing high-speed communication links, flexible control strategies, and developing efficient collaborative decision-making algorithms for a swarm of UAVs limit their autonomy, robustness, and reliability. Thus, a growing focus has been witnessed on collaborative communication to allow a swarm of UAVs to coordinate and communicate autonomously for the cooperative completion of tasks in a short time with improved efficiency and reliability. This work presents a comprehensive review of collaborative communication in a multi-UAV system. We thoroughly discuss the characteristics of intelligent UAVs and their communication and control requirements for autonomous collaboration and coordination. Moreover, we review various UAV collaboration tasks, summarize the applications of UAV swarm networks for dense urban environments and present the use case scenarios to highlight the current developments of UAV-based applications in various domains. Finally, we identify several exciting future research direction that needs attention for advancing the research in collaborative UAVs

Cognitive radio policy-based adaptive blind rendezvous protocols for disaster response

In disaster scenarios, with damaged network infrastructure, cognitive radio (CR) can be used to provide temporary network access in the first few hours. Since spectrum occupancy will be unknown, the radios must rely on spectrum sensing and opportunistic access. An initial goal is to establish rendezvous between CR nodes to set up the network. The unknown primary radio (PR) activity and CR node topology makes this a challenging task. Existing blind rendezvous strategies provide guarantees on time to rendezvous, but assume channels with no PR activity and no external interferers. To handle this problem of blind multi-node rendezvous in the presence of primary users, we propose an Extended Modular Clock Algorithm which abandons the guarantee on time to rendezvous, an information exchange mechanism for the multi-node problem, and various cognitive radio operating policies. We show that the adapted protocols can achieve up to 80% improvement in the expected time to rendezvous and reduce the harmful interference caused to the primary radio

Cognitive radio for disaster response networks: survey, potential, and challenges

In the wake of a natural or man-made disaster, restoration of telecommunications is essential. First responders must coordinate their responses, immediate casualties require assistance, and all affected citizens may need to access information and contact friends and relatives. Existing access and core infrastructure may be damaged or destroyed, so to support the required services, new infrastructure must be rapidly deployed and integrated with undamaged resources still in place. This new equipment should be flexible enough to interoperate with legacy systems and heterogeneous technologies. The ability to selforganize is essential in order to minimize any delays associated with manual configuration. Finally, it must be robust and reliable enough to support mission-critical applications. Wireless systems can be more easily reconfigured than wired solutions to adapt to the various changes in the operating environment that can occur in a disaster scenario. A cognitive radio is one that can observe its operating environment, make decisions and reconfigure in response to these observations, and learn from experience. This article examines the use of cognitive radio technologies for disaster response networks and shows that they are ideally suited to fulfill the unique requirements of these networks. Key enabling technologies for realizing real-world cognitive radio networks for disaster response are discussed and core challenges are examined

A Study of Cross Layer Design compare with Layer Design for MANET

Mobile Ad – hoc networks (MANET) are becoming increasingly popular in wireless technology, especially for providing services in disaster area. Mobile users are looking forward to new technologies that allow them to communicate anytime, anywhere, and using any communication device. Mobile ad – hoc networks suffer from several performance limitations, especially related to excessive burden deriving from the layering approach for the TCP / IP protocol stack design. In fact, TCP / IP protocol stack originally designed for wired networks and it is not suitable for wireless and mobile ad hoc networks. In this paper, it focuses on cross layer network design which is especially for wireless and mobile ad hoc networks. The main objective is to how cross layer differ from layered design, cross layer design approaches, challenges of cross layer design and implementation of cross layer design based MANET. And also this article brief the readers an overview of cross layer concept while discussing different cross layer proposals given by researchers

Green internet of things using UAVs in B5G networks: A review of applications and strategies

Recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) present a promising advanced technology that can enhance people life quality and smartness of cities dramatically and increase overall economic efficiency. UAVs have attained a significant interest in supporting many applications such as surveillance, agriculture, communication, transportation, pollution monitoring, disaster management, public safety, healthcare, and environmental preservation. Industry 4.0 applications are conceived of intelligent things that can automatically and collaboratively improve beyond 5G (B5G). Therefore, the Internet of Things (IoT) is required to ensure collaboration between the vast multitude of things efficiently anywhere in real-world applications that are monitored in real-time. However, many IoT devices consume a significant amount of energy when transmitting the collected data from surrounding environments. Due to a drone's capability to fly closer to IoT, UAV technology plays a vital role in greening IoT by transmitting collected data to achieve a sustainable, reliable, eco-friendly Industry 4.0. This survey presents an overview of the techniques and strategies proposed recently to achieve green IoT using UAVs infrastructure for a reliable and sustainable smart world. This survey is different from other attempts in terms of concept, focus, and discussion. Finally, various use cases, challenges, and opportunities regarding green IoT using UAVs are presented.This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 847577; and a research grant from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) under Grant Number 16 / RC / 3918 (Ireland's European Structural and Investment Funds Programmes and the European Regional Development Fund 2014-2020)

Models and Protocols for Resource Optimization in Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks are built on a mix of fixed and mobile nodes interconnected via wireless links to form a multihop ad hoc network. An emerging application area for wireless mesh networks is their evolution into a converged infrastructure used to share and extend, to mobile users, the wireless Internet connectivity of sparsely deployed fixed lines with heterogeneous capacity, ranging from ISP-owned broadband links to subscriber owned low-speed connections. In this thesis we address different key research issues for this networking scenario. First, we propose an analytical predictive tool, developing a queuing network model capable of predicting the network capacity and we use it in a load aware routing protocol in order to provide, to the end users, a quality of service based on the throughput. We then extend the queuing network model and introduce a multi-class queuing network model to predict analytically the average end-to-end packet delay of the traffic flows among the mobile end users and the Internet. The analytical models are validated against simulation. Second, we propose an address auto-configuration solution to extend the coverage of a wireless mesh network by interconnecting it to a mobile ad hoc network in a transparent way for the infrastructure network (i.e., the legacy Internet interconnected to the wireless mesh network). Third, we implement two real testbed prototypes of the proposed solutions as a proof-of-concept, both for the load aware routing protocol and the auto-configuration protocol. Finally we discuss the issues related to the adoption of ad hoc networking technologies to address the fragility of our communication infrastructure and to build the next generation of dependable, secure and rapidly deployable communications infrastructures

Next-Generation Public Safety Systems Based on Autonomous Vehicles and Opportunistic Communications

An emergency scenario is characterized by the unpredictability of the environment conditions and by the scarcity of the available communication infrastructures. After a natural or human disaster, the main public and private infrastructures are partially damaged or totally destroyed. These infrastructures include roads, bridges, water supplies, electrical grids, telecommunications and so on. In these conditions, the first rescue operations executed by the public safety organizations can be very difficult, due to the unpredictability of the disaster area environment and the lack in the communications systems. The aim of this work is to introduce next-generation public safety systems where the main focus is the use of unmanned vehicles that are able to exploit the self-organizing characteristics of such autonomous systems. With the proposed public safety systems, a team of autonomous vehicles will be able to overcome the hazardous environments of a post disaster scenario by introducing a temporary dynamic network infrastructure which enables the first responders to cooperate and to communicate with the victims involved. Furthermore, given the pervasive penetration of smart end-user devices, the emergence of spontaneous networks could constitute promising solutions to implement emergency communication systems. With these systems the survivors will be able to self-organize in a communication network that allows them to send alerts and information messages towards the rescue teams, even in absence of communication infrastructures