Innovative Techniques for the Retrieval of Earth’s Surface and Atmosphere Geophysical Parameters: Spaceborne Infrared/Microwave Combined Analyses

With the advent of the first satellites for Earth Observation: Landsat-1 in July 1972 and ERS-1 in May 1991, the discipline of environmental remote sensing has become, over time, increasingly fundamental for the study of phenomena characterizing the planet Earth. The goal of environmental remote sensing is to perform detailed analyses and to monitor the temporal evolution of different physical phenomena, exploiting the mechanisms of interaction between the objects that are present in an observed scene and the electromagnetic radiation detected by sensors, placed at a distance from the scene, operating at different frequencies. The analyzed physical phenomena are those related to climate change, weather forecasts, global ocean circulation, greenhouse gas profiling, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, soil subsidence, and the effects of rapid urbanization processes. Generally, remote sensing sensors are of two primary types: active and passive. Active sensors use their own source of electromagnetic radiation to illuminate and analyze an area of interest. An active sensor emits radiation in the direction of the area to be investigated and then detects and measures the radiation that is backscattered from the objects contained in that area. Passive sensors, on the other hand, detect natural electromagnetic radiation (e.g., from the Sun in the visible band and the Earth in the infrared and microwave bands) emitted or reflected by the object contained in the observed scene. The scientific community has dedicated many resources to developing techniques to estimate, study and analyze Earth’s geophysical parameters. These techniques differ for active and passive sensors because they depend strictly on the type of the measured physical quantity. In my P.h.D. work, inversion techniques for estimating Earth’s surface and atmosphere geophysical parameters will be addressed, emphasizing methods based on machine learning (ML). In particular, the study of cloud microphysics and the characterization of Earth’s surface changes phenomenon are the critical points of this work

Development of a Multiband Remote Sensing System for Determination of Unsaturated Soil Properties

A multiband system including active microwave sensing and visible-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was developed to measure unsaturated soil properties in both field and laboratory environments. Remote measurements of soil volumetric water content (θv), soil water matric potential (ψ), and soil index properties (liquid limit [LL], plastic limit [PL], and clay fraction [CF]) were conducted. Field-based measurement of θv was conducted using a ground-based radar system and field measurements within 10 percentage points of measurements acquired with traditional sampling techniques were obtained. Laboratory-based, visible and near infrared spectroscopy was found to be capable of obtaining empirical, soil specific regression functions (partial least squares [PLS]) with coefficient of determination (R2) values greater than 0.9 for the LL, PL, and CF. A silt sized granite material, a silt sized illite clay, and a silt sized kaolinite clay were optically characterized within the visible to near-infrared wavelength range and were found to have absorption coefficient values of 0.81 to 78.8cm-1, 0.93 to 150.0cm-1, and 0.12 to 4.02cm-1, respectively. Measurements of θv and ψ using an analytical solution based on the Kubelka-Munk color theory were found not to provide viable results. Soil water characteristic curves (SWCC) were fitted to both laboratory-obtained and remotely-sensed data between -10 and -1500kPa. θv for the laboratory-obtained SWCC (SWCC-L) and remotely-obtained SWCC (SWCC-R) for the granite silt were within 1 percentage points for ψ values less than -100kPa. The SWCC-L and SWCC-R values for the silt sized illite clay were within 2 percentage points for values of ψ greater than 400kPa. The SWCC-L and SWCC-R for the silt sized kaolinite clay were within 8 percentage points for all ψ values. For the Donna Fill and illite soil types ψ values within 150kPa of the applied pressure were obtained. Specific contributions of this research project were the evaluation of remote and proximal (active microwave and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy) sensing techniques as a means of acquiring measurements of soil properties. Microwave measurements of field θv were demonstrated for ground based systems. Additional areas of research in both laboratory- and field-scale measurements of soil hydraulic and index properties are identified and discussed

Orbital Effects in Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry

This book reviews and investigates orbit-related effects in synthetic aperture Radar interferometry (InSAR). The translation of orbit inaccuracies to error signals in the interferometric phase is concisely described; estimation and correction approaches are discussed and evaluated with special focus on network adjustment of redundantly estimated baseline errors. Moreover, the effect of relative motion of the orbit reference frame is addressed

The Determination of Surface Salinity with the European SMOS Space Mission

The European Space Agency Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission aims at obtaining global maps of soil moisture and sea surface salinity from space for large-scale and climatic studies. It uses an L-band (1400–1427 MHz) Microwave Interferometric Radiometer by Aperture Synthesis to measure brightness temperature of the earth’s surface at horizontal and vertical polarizations ( h and v). These two parameters will be used together to retrieve the geophysical parameters. The retrieval of salinity is a complex process that requires the knowledge of other environmental information and an accurate processing of the radiometer measurements. Here, we present recent results obtained from several studies and field experiments that were part of the SMOS mission, and highlight the issues still to be solved

Principal Component-Based Radiative Transfer Model (PCRTM) for Hyperspectral Sensors

Modern infrared satellite sensors such as Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CrIS), Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are capable of providing high spatial and spectral resolution infrared spectra. To fully exploit the vast amount of spectral information from these instruments, super fast radiative transfer models are needed. This paper presents a novel radiative transfer model based on principal component analysis. Instead of predicting channel radiance or transmittance spectra directly, the Principal Component-based Radiative Transfer Model (PCRTM) predicts the Principal Component (PC) scores of these quantities. This prediction ability leads to significant savings in computational time. The parameterization of the PCRTM model is derived from properties of PC scores and instrument line shape functions. The PCRTM is very accurate and flexible. Due to its high speed and compressed spectral information format, it has great potential for super fast one-dimensional physical retrievals and for Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) large volume radiance data assimilation applications. The model has been successfully developed for the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Airborne Sounder Testbed - Interferometer (NAST-I) and AIRS instruments. The PCRTM model performs monochromatic radiative transfer calculations and is able to include multiple scattering calculations to account for clouds and aerosols

Bridges Structural Health Monitoring and Deterioration Detection Synthesis of Knowledge and Technology

INE/AUTC 10.0

Frequency accurate coherent electro-optic dual-comb spectroscopy in real-time

Electro-optic dual-comb spectrometers have proved to be a promising technology for sensitive, high-resolution and rapid spectral measurements. Electro-optic combs possess very attractive features like simplicity. reliability, bright optical teeth, and typically moderate but quickly tunable optical spans. Furthermore; in a dual-comb arrangement; narrowband electro-optic combs are generated with a level of mutual coherence that is sufficiently high to enable optical multiheterodyning Without inter-comb stabilization or signal processing systems. However, this valuable tool still presents several limitations, for instance; on most systems; absolute frequency accuracy and long-term stability cannot be guaranteed; likewise; interferometer-induced phase noise restricts coherence time and limits the attainable signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper, We address these drawbacks and demonstrate a cost-efficient absolute electro-optic dual-comb instrument based on a frequency stabilization mechanism and a novel adaptive interferogram acquisition approach devised for electro-optic dual-combs capable of operating in real-time. The spectrometer, completely built from commercial components, provides sub-ppm frequency uncertainties and enables a signal-to-noise ratio of 10000 (intensity noise) in 30 seconds of integration time.Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (TEC-2014-52147-R). The work by Borja Jerez has been performed in the frame of an FPU Program, #FPU014/06338, granted by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture RADAR and Radargrammetry towards the Categorization of Building Changes

The purpose of this work is the investigation of SAR techniques relying on multi image acquisition for fully automatic and rapid change detection analysis at building level. In particular, the benefits and limitations of a complementary use of two specific SAR techniques, InSAR and radargrammetry, in an emergency context are examined in term of quickness, globality and accuracy. The analysis is performed using spaceborne SAR data

Determination of atmospheric moisture structure and infrared cooling rates from high resolution MAMS radiance data

This program has applied Multispectral Atmospheric Mapping Sensor (MAMS) high resolution data to the problem of monitoring atmospheric quantities of moisture and radiative flux at small spatial scales. MAMS, with 100-m horizontal resolution in its four infrared channels, was developed to study small scale atmospheric moisture and surface thermal variability, especially as related to the development of clouds, precipitation, and severe storms. High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) data has been used to develop a high spectral resolution retrieval algorithm for producing vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and moisture. The results of this program are summarized and a list of publications resulting from this contract is presented. Selected publications are attached as an appendix