Appropriate methods to analyse power conversion harmonics

Nowadays, non-linear loads represent the majority of the residential electrical consumers. The limits on emission and immunity are imposed by IEC- standards, however there is a lack in the domain 2 – 150 kHz. Where power quality standards focus on the current, EMC standards use voltage limits. An appropriate method for measuring high frequency grid disturbances is explored. Measurement techniques described by the existing standards for power quality and EMC are investigated. The aim of this work is to find a robust measurement method for the considered frequency range 2 - 150 kHz. Experimental results are presented in order to validate the analyzed methods

Influence of power supply distortion on power conversion harmonics measurements

The frequency range 2 – 150 kHz, typically occupied by switching harmonics and communication signals, is still a gap in the IEC emission standards. The main difficulty in reaching a standardized measurement method is finding a suitable power source. The low-frequency and high-frequency content of the power supply is deterministic for the measured emission, as well as the source impedance. Measurements and analyses are done on both PV-inverters and compact fluorescent lamps to see the influence of the source on the emission

Partial discharge behavior under operational and anomalous conditions in HVDC systems

Power cables undergo various types of overstressing conditions during their operation that influence the integrity of their insulation systems. This causes accelerated ageing and might lead to their premature failure in severe cases. This paper presents an investigation of the impacts of various dynamic electric fields produced by ripples, polarity reversal and transient switching impulses on partial discharge (PD) activity within solid dielectrics with the aim of considering such phenomena in high voltage direct current (HVDC) cable systems. Appropriate terminal voltages of a generic HVDC converter were reproduced - with different harmonic contaminations - and applied to the test samples. The effects of systematic operational polarity reversal and superimposed switching impulses with the possibility of transient polarity reversal were also studied in this investigation. The experimental results show that the PD is greatly affected by the dynamic changes of electric field represented by polarity reversal, ripples and switching. The findings of this study will assist in understanding the behaviour of PDs under HVDC conditions and would be of interest to asset managers considering the effects of such conditions on the insulation diagnostics

CZĘSTOTLIWOŚCIOWY KONWERTER PWM ZE STEROWANIEM W OTWARTEJ PĘTLI

An harmonic domain model is developed for open-loop controlled voltage source inverters, which provides the steady-state solution for integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. The convolution of the switching function spectrum with the converter currents and voltages is used to describe the coupling of the AC side and the DC side. The modeling is based on a single phase leg and is extended to a single-phase and a three-phase voltage source inverter, which results in a non-linear algebraic equation system. For open-loop control the switching function is independent of the converter currents and voltages and the model is simplified to a linear equation system. This straightforward and fast model is verified by time domain simulations and experimental results. The modeling can be adapted to systems of coupled converters, which is presented for a back-to-back converter system showing the harmonic interaction of the connected subsystems.Opracowano model w domenie częstotliwości dla falowników napięcia sterowanych w otwartej pętli, który zapewnia rozwiązanie w stanie ustalonym dla całkowitych wielokrotności częstotliwości podstawowej. Splot spektrum funkcyjnego przełączania z prądami i napięciami przemiennika służy do opisania sprzężenia strony prądu przemiennego i prądu stałego. Modelowanie opiera się na pojedynczej fazie i jest rozszerzone na falownik jednofazowy i trójfazowy, co skutkuje nieliniowym układem równań algebraicznych. W przypadku sterowania w otwartej pętli funkcja przełączania jest niezależna od prądów i napięć przekształtnika, a model jest uproszczony do układu równań liniowych. Ten prosty i szybki model jest weryfikowany przez symulacje w dziedzinie czasu i wyniki eksperymentalne. Modelowanie może być dostosowane do systemów przekształtników sprzężonych, które przedstawiono dla systemu konwertera równoległego pokazującego harmoniczne oddziaływanie połączonych podsystemów

Measurements with uniform aggregated weighting using boxcar filters for time-synchronised metering, power quality assessment, and control

Boxcar (rectangular) window functions are commonly used for measurements of electrical energy for revenue purposes, or for power quality assessment. This is because they can be repeated using Bartlett’s method so that the time-domain sampled data is used with a uniform aggregated weighting. However, such simple window functions are not suitable for real-time protection and control measurements due to their poor frequency-domain performance. Raised-cosine or Tukey windows offer a compromise using Welch’s method, but real-time implementation of these functions, using windows adaptive to varying system frequency, can be difficult due to computational load. Alternatively, this paper shows that fast-to-execute cascaded boxcar filters can be used to achieve the desirable property of uniform aggregated weighting, as well as their previously-demonstrated frequency-domain capabilities. This means that measurements based on cascaded boxcar filters could be used for formal revenue metering and power-quality assessment, at the same time as for real-time control, phasor measurement, and protection

Integral Backstepping Control for Maximum Power Point Tracking and Unity Power Factor of a Three Phase Grid Connected Photovoltaic System

This paper presents a robust control strategy for a grid connected photovoltaic system with a boost converter by using an integral Backstepping method based on a nonlinear state model, which guarantees the Lyapunov stability of the global system. The system has tracked precisely the maximum power point, with a very fast response and the unit power factor has been observed under different atmospheric conditions. Moreover, the best advantage of the controller is that it’s a good corrector of the grid perturbation and system parameter disturbance. The simulation result has demonstrated the performance of this strategy

Analytical Derivation of a Coupled-circuit Model of a Claw-pole Alternator with Concentrated Stator Windings

A lumped-parameter coupled-circuit model of a claw-pole alternator is derived. To derive the model, analytical techniques are used to define a three-dimensional (3-D) Fourier-series representation of the airgap flux density. Included in the series expansion are the harmonics introduced by rotor saliency, concentrated stator windings, and stator slots. From the airgap flux density waveform, relatively simple closed-form expressions for the stator and rotor self- and mutual-inductances are obtained. The coupled-circuit model is implemented in the simulation of an alternator/rectifier system using a commercial state-model-based circuit analysis program. Comparisons with experimental results demonstrate the accuracy of the model in predicting both the steady-state and transient behavior of the machin