Detailed examination of a packet collision model for Bluetooth Low Energy advertising mode

The aim of this paper is to investigate the amount of energy that is required to successfully transmit information inside the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) advertising packets. There are applications that require more than one BLE node to simultaneously transmit data. The BLE protocol utilizes a specific communication method termed advertising mode to perform unidirectional broadcasts of data from the advertising devices. However, with an increased number of BLE devices advertising simultaneously, there will be inevitable packet collisions from the advertising devices. This results in a waste of energy, specifically in low-power applications where lower consumption is desirable to minimize the need for battery replacements. This paper examines a packet collision model for the BLE advertising mode with the results validated using experimental data. Our analysis shows that when the throughput of the BLE network starts to fall due to an increase in the number of packet collisions, the energy consumption of the BLE nodes increase exponentially with respect to the number of nodes

BLE Localization using RSSI Measurements and iRingLA

International audienceOver the last few years, indoor localization has been a very dynamic research area that has drawn great attention. Many methods have been proposed for indoor positioning as well as navigation services. A big number of them were based on Radio frequency (RF) technology and Radio Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) for their simplicity of use. The main issues of the studies conducted in this field are related to the improvement of localization factors like accuracy, computational complexity, easiness of deployment and cost. In our study, we used Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology for indoor localization in the context a smart home where an elderly person can be located using an hybrid system that combines the radio, light and sound information. In this paper, we propose a model that averages the received signal strength indication (RSSI) at any the distance domain which offered accuracy down to 1 meter, depending on the deployment configuration

MYLIB: SMART LIBRARY INDOOR NAVIGATION USING BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY WITH TRIANGULATION METHOD

This paper proposes an android-based application to help the users to navigate in finding books in the library easily and interactively. This navigation application is connected to a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) device that will emit an RSSI signal received by the Smartphone user and show the desired distance to the bookshelf position. The method of triangulation and mean filter were used to eliminate noise in the test environment to make the position of the bookshelf can be found precisely based on the RSSI BLE Beacon value. The test results showed the largest RSSI value for LOS conditions at -48dBm and NLOS at -63 dBm; while the lowest RRSI values for LOS conditions was at -84dBm and NLOS was at -96dBm

Container-Based Virtualization for Bluetooth Low Energy Sensor Devices in Internet of Things Applications

Internet of Things (IoT) has become a continuously growing concept with the developments of ubiquitous computing, wireless sensor networks (WSN). With the industry 4.0 revolution, all production activities such as logistics, finance, agriculture, energy and almost all the service and infrastructure applications used by people in the cities we live in will undergo a major change within the IoT paradigm. In this study, a prototype model has been developed and its performance is investigated. Our prototype model can reach the advertisement data of Bluetooth Low Energy sensor devices by using container-based virtualization technology and directly working at layer 2 (L2) of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Virtualization mechanism for the sensor devices could help to exchange context-aware information with Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) structure. Also with virtualization may emerge interoperable sensor node platforms of heterogeneous environments from different vendors

Portable spirometer using pressure-volume method with Bluetooth integration to Android smartphone

This paper presents a study on an embedded spirometer using the low-cost MPX5100DP pressure sensor and an Arduino Uno board to measure the air exhaled flow rate and calculate force vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and the FEV1/FVC ratio of human lungs volume. The exhaled air flow rate was measured from differential pressure in the sections of a mouthpiece tube using the venturi effect equation. This constructed mouthpiece and the embedded spirometer resulted in a 96.27% FVC reading accuracy with a deviation of 0.09 L and 98.05% FEV1 accuracy with a deviation of 0.05 L compared to spirometry. This spirometer integrates an HC-05 Bluetooth module for spirometry data transceiving to a smartphone for display and recording in an Android application for further chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) diagnosis

Evaluating IPv6 Connectivity for IEEE 802.15.4 and Bluetooth Low Energy

IPv6 is seen as a key building block for the Internet of Things (IoT). In this work, IEEE 802.15.4 and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocols are evaluated with respect to service ratio, delay, and energy efficiency under IPv6 traffic. While the performance is terms of delay is similar between the two technologies, BLE outperforms 802.15.4 in terms of service ratio and energy efficiency. Header compression increases all performance indicators but requires a shared context to be set up and managed. IPv6 multicast is also investigated in combination with data link layer broadcast and sequential unicast. Finally, the impact of IPv6 connection establishment and maintenance is evaluated. This is particularly relevant for BLE devices using privacy features. It is shown that the procedures for registering IPv6 addresses and updating contexts affect the delay significantly, but only at very low traffic intensity

Performance evaluation of bluetooth low energy for high data rate body area networks

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a promising wireless network technology, in the context of body area network (BAN) applications, to provide the required quality of service (QoS) support concerning the communication between sensor nodes placed on a user’s body and a personal device, such as a smartphone. Most previous BLE performance studies in the literature have focused primarily in networks with a single slave (point-to-point link) or traffic scenarios with relatively low data rate. However, many BAN sensors generate high data rate traffic, and several sensor nodes (slaves) may be actively sending data in the same BAN. Therefore, this work focuses on the evaluation of the suitability of BLE mainly under these conditions. Results show that, for the same traffic, the BLE protocol presents lower energy consumption and supports more sensor nodes than an alternative IEEE 802.15.4-based protocol. This study also identifies and characterizes some implementation constraints on the tested platforms that impose limits on the achievable performance.This work has been supported by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) in the scope of the projects UID/EEA/04436/2013 and UID/CTM/50025/2013, and by FEDER funds through the COMPETE 2020 Programme

The Bluetooth Mesh Standard: An Overview and Experimental Evaluation

Mesh networks enable a many-to-many relation between nodes, which means that each node in the network can communicate with every other node using multi-hop communication and path diversity. As it enables the fast roll-out of sensor and actuator networks, it is an important aspect within the Internet of Things (IoT). Utilizing Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) as an underlying technology to implement such mesh networks has gained a lot of interest in recent years. The result was a variety of BLE meshing solutions that were not interoperable because of the lack of a common standard. This has changed recently with the advent of the Bluetooth Mesh standard. However, a detailed overview of how this standard operates, performs and how it tackles other issues concerning BLE mesh networking is missing. Therefore, this paper investigates this new technology thoroughly and evaluates its performance by means of three approaches, namely an experimental evaluation, a statistical approach and a graph-based simulation model, which can be used as the basis for future research. Apart from showing that consistent results are achieved by means of all three approaches, we also identify possible drawbacks and open issues that need to be dealt with

Python SDK for LEGO WeDo 2.0

Käesoleva bakalaureusetöö eesmärk oli luua Pythoni teek, mille abil oleks võimalik mugavalt LEGO Education WeDo 2.0-ga ühenduda ning sellega suhelda. Töös antakse ülevaade WeDo 2.0-st ning Bluetooth Low Energy tehnoloogiast, mida WeDo 2.0 suhtlemiseks kasutab. Töö tulemusena valminud teegi abil on võimalik luua Pythonis kasutajaliideseid WeDo 2.0-i programmide loomiseks või Pythoni skripte, mille abil WeDo 2.0-i juhtida.The aim of this Bachelor’s thesis is to create a Python library which could be used to connect and control LEGO Education WeDo 2.0 devices. The thesis will give an overview of WeDo 2.0 and Bluetooth Low Energy, which WeDo 2.0 uses for communication. The result of this thesis is a library, which can be used for creating Python applications for WeDo 2.0 or just Python scripts for controlling WeDo 2.0 devices

Comparing data transmission efficiency in Bluetooth Standards

This master thesis presents the work done to measure and compare power efficiency of Bluetooth Low Energy technology versions is presented. More specifically, comparisons between different BLE core specification versions are made with regards to power consumption in relation to throughput. A brief history of Bluetooth Low Energy is presented, as well as the main improvements and differences between core specification versions. Measurements were performed with a single pair of devices, which had their connection parameters tuned in line with BLE version they were targeting. Power consumption was measured with different parameters, with read, write, notify and write without response BLE operations. As expected, results revealed that newer BLE versions offer higher throughput, as well as the fact that average power consumption is independent from the amount of data transmitted. Interestingly enough, with each BLE version, power consumption per transmitted amount of data is decreasing, even when the throughput is increased. It was also discovered that total energy needed to transmit some amount of data is constant when changing the throughput in a single core specification version. The findings in this thesis prove that there is no reason not to switch to developing and using devices that use Bluetooth Low Energy 5, as BLE 5 brings higher throughput, extended range and better coexistence while consuming the same or lower amount of energy for transmissions