PoseTrack: A Benchmark for Human Pose Estimation and Tracking

Human poses and motions are important cues for analysis of videos with people and there is strong evidence that representations based on body pose are highly effective for a variety of tasks such as activity recognition, content retrieval and social signal processing. In this work, we aim to further advance the state of the art by establishing "PoseTrack", a new large-scale benchmark for video-based human pose estimation and articulated tracking, and bringing together the community of researchers working on visual human analysis. The benchmark encompasses three competition tracks focusing on i) single-frame multi-person pose estimation, ii) multi-person pose estimation in videos, and iii) multi-person articulated tracking. To facilitate the benchmark and challenge we collect, annotate and release a new %large-scale benchmark dataset that features videos with multiple people labeled with person tracks and articulated pose. A centralized evaluation server is provided to allow participants to evaluate on a held-out test set. We envision that the proposed benchmark will stimulate productive research both by providing a large and representative training dataset as well as providing a platform to objectively evaluate and compare the proposed methods. The benchmark is freely accessible at https://posetrack.net.Comment: www.posetrack.ne

Towards accurate multi-person pose estimation in the wild

In this thesis we are concerned with the problem of articulated human pose estimation and pose tracking in images and video sequences. Human pose estimation is a task of localising major joints of a human skeleton in natural images and is one of the most important visual recognition tasks in the scenes containing humans with numerous applications in robotics, virtual and augmented reality, gaming and healthcare among others. Articulated human pose tracking requires tracking multiple persons in the video sequence while simultaneously estimating full body poses. This task is important for analysing surveillance footage, activity recognition, sports analytics, etc. Most of the prior work focused on the pose estimation of single pre-localised humans whereas here we address a case with multiple people in real world images which entails several challenges such as person-person overlaps in highly crowded scenes, unknown number of people or people entering and leaving video sequences. The first contribution is a multi-person pose estimation algorithm based on the bottom-up detection-by-grouping paradigm. Unlike the widespread top-down approaches our method detects body joints and pairwise relations between them in a single forward pass of a convolutional neural network. Multi-person parsing is performed by optimizing a joint objective based on a multicut graph partitioning framework. Secondly, we extend our pose estimation approach to articulated multi-person pose tracking in videos. Our approach performs multi-target tracking and pose estimation in a holistic manner by optimising a single objective. We further simplify and refine the formulation which allows us to reach close to the real-time performance. Thirdly, we propose a large scale dataset and a benchmark for articulated multi-person tracking. It is the first dataset of video sequences comprising complex multi-person scenes and fully annotated tracks with 2D keypoints. Our fourth contribution is a method for estimating 3D body pose using on-body wearable cameras. Our approach uses a pair of downward facing, head-mounted cameras and captures an entire body. This egocentric approach is free of limitations of traditional setups with external cameras and can estimate body poses in very crowded environments. Our final contribution goes beyond human pose estimation and is in the field of deep learning of 3D object shapes. In particular, we address the case of reconstructing 3D objects from weak supervision. Our approach represents objects as 3D point clouds and is able to learn them with 2D supervision only and without requiring camera pose information at training time. We design a differentiable renderer of point clouds as well as a novel loss formulation for dealing with camera pose ambiguity.In dieser Arbeit behandeln wir das Problem der Schätzung und Verfolgung artikulierter menschlicher Posen in Bildern und Video-Sequenzen. Die Schätzung menschlicher Posen besteht darin die Hauptgelenke des menschlichen Skeletts in natürlichen Bildern zu lokalisieren und ist eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben der visuellen Erkennung in Szenen, die Menschen beinhalten. Sie hat zahlreiche Anwendungen in der Robotik, virtueller und erweiterter Realität, in Videospielen, in der Medizin und weiteren Bereichen. Die Verfolgung artikulierter menschlicher Posen erfordert die Verfolgung mehrerer Personen in einer Videosequenz bei gleichzeitiger Schätzung vollständiger Körperhaltungen. Diese Aufgabe ist besonders wichtig für die Analyse von Video-Überwachungsaufnahmen, Aktivitätenerkennung, digitale Sportanalyse etc. Die meisten vorherigen Arbeiten sind auf die Schätzung einzelner Posen vorlokalisierter Menschen fokussiert, wohingegen wir den Fall mehrerer Personen in natürlichen Aufnahmen betrachten. Dies bringt einige Herausforderungen mit sich, wie die Überlappung verschiedener Personen in dicht gedrängten Szenen, eine unbekannte Anzahl an Personen oder Personen die das Sichtfeld der Video-Sequenz verlassen oder betreten. Der erste Beitrag ist ein Algorithmus zur Schätzung der Posen mehrerer Personen, welcher auf dem Paradigma der Erkennung durch Gruppierung aufbaut. Im Gegensatz zu den verbreiteten Verfeinerungs-Ansätzen erkennt unsere Methode Körpergelenke and paarweise Beziehungen zwischen ihnen in einer einzelnen Vorwärtsrechnung eines faltenden neuronalen Netzwerkes. Die Gliederung in mehrere Personen erfolgt durch Optimierung einer gemeinsamen Zielfunktion, die auf dem Mehrfachschnitt-Problem in der Graphenzerlegung basiert. Zweitens erweitern wir unseren Ansatz zur Posen-Bestimmung auf das Verfolgen mehrerer Personen und deren Artikulation in Videos. Unser Ansatz führt eine Verfolgung mehrerer Ziele und die Schätzung der zugehörigen Posen in ganzheitlicher Weise durch, indem eine einzelne Zielfunktion optimiert wird. Desweiteren vereinfachen und verfeinern wir die Formulierung, was unsere Methode nah an Echtzeit-Leistung bringt. Drittens schlagen wir einen großen Datensatz und einen Bewertungsmaßstab für die Verfolgung mehrerer artikulierter Personen vor. Dies ist der erste Datensatz der Video-Sequenzen von komplexen Szenen mit mehreren Personen beinhaltet und deren Spuren komplett mit zwei-dimensionalen Markierungen der Schlüsselpunkte versehen sind. Unser vierter Beitrag ist eine Methode zur Schätzung von drei-dimensionalen Körperhaltungen mittels am Körper tragbarer Kameras. Unser Ansatz verwendet ein Paar nach unten gerichteter, am Kopf befestigter Kameras und erfasst den gesamten Körper. Dieser egozentrische Ansatz ist frei von jeglichen Limitierungen traditioneller Konfigurationen mit externen Kameras und kann Körperhaltungen in sehr dicht gedrängten Umgebungen bestimmen. Unser letzter Beitrag geht über die Schätzung menschlicher Posen hinaus in den Bereich des tiefen Lernens der Gestalt von drei-dimensionalen Objekten. Insbesondere befassen wir uns mit dem Fall drei-dimensionale Objekte unter schwacher Überwachung zu rekonstruieren. Unser Ansatz repräsentiert Objekte als drei-dimensionale Punktwolken and ist im Stande diese nur mittels zwei-dimensionaler Überwachung und ohne Informationen über die Kamera-Ausrichtung zur Trainingszeit zu lernen. Wir entwerfen einen differenzierbaren Renderer für Punktwolken sowie eine neue Formulierung um mit uneindeutigen Kamera-Ausrichtungen umzugehen

End-to-end people detection in crowded scenes

Current people detectors operate either by scanning an image in a sliding window fashion or by classifying a discrete set of proposals. We propose a model that is based on decoding an image into a set of people detections. Our system takes an image as input and directly outputs a set of distinct detection hypotheses. Because we generate predictions jointly, common post-processing steps such as non-maximum suppression are unnecessary. We use a recurrent LSTM layer for sequence generation and train our model end-to-end with a new loss function that operates on sets of detections. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on the challenging task of detecting people in crowded scenes.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures. Submitted to NIPS 2015. Supplementary material video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QeWl0h3kQ2

LCrowdV: Generating Labeled Videos for Simulation-based Crowd Behavior Learning

We present a novel procedural framework to generate an arbitrary number of labeled crowd videos (LCrowdV). The resulting crowd video datasets are used to design accurate algorithms or training models for crowded scene understanding. Our overall approach is composed of two components: a procedural simulation framework for generating crowd movements and behaviors, and a procedural rendering framework to generate different videos or images. Each video or image is automatically labeled based on the environment, number of pedestrians, density, behavior, flow, lighting conditions, viewpoint, noise, etc. Furthermore, we can increase the realism by combining synthetically-generated behaviors with real-world background videos. We demonstrate the benefits of LCrowdV over prior lableled crowd datasets by improving the accuracy of pedestrian detection and crowd behavior classification algorithms. LCrowdV would be released on the WWW

Human Motion Trajectory Prediction: A Survey

With growing numbers of intelligent autonomous systems in human environments, the ability of such systems to perceive, understand and anticipate human behavior becomes increasingly important. Specifically, predicting future positions of dynamic agents and planning considering such predictions are key tasks for self-driving vehicles, service robots and advanced surveillance systems. This paper provides a survey of human motion trajectory prediction. We review, analyze and structure a large selection of work from different communities and propose a taxonomy that categorizes existing methods based on the motion modeling approach and level of contextual information used. We provide an overview of the existing datasets and performance metrics. We discuss limitations of the state of the art and outline directions for further research.Comment: Submitted to the International Journal of Robotics Research (IJRR), 37 page

Multigranularity Representations for Human Inter-Actions: Pose, Motion and Intention

Tracking people and their body pose in videos is a central problem in computer vision. Standard tracking representations reason about temporal coherence of detected people and body parts. They have difficulty tracking targets under partial occlusions or rare body poses, where detectors often fail, since the number of training examples is often too small to deal with the exponential variability of such configurations. We propose tracking representations that track and segment people and their body pose in videos by exploiting information at multiple detection and segmentation granularities when available, whole body, parts or point trajectories. Detections and motion estimates provide contradictory information in case of false alarm detections or leaking motion affinities. We consolidate contradictory information via graph steering, an algorithm for simultaneous detection and co-clustering in a two-granularity graph of motion trajectories and detections, that corrects motion leakage between correctly detected objects, while being robust to false alarms or spatially inaccurate detections. We first present a motion segmentation framework that exploits long range motion of point trajectories and large spatial support of image regions. We show resulting video segments adapt to targets under partial occlusions and deformations. Second, we augment motion-based representations with object detection for dealing with motion leakage. We demonstrate how to combine dense optical flow trajectory affinities with repulsions from confident detections to reach a global consensus of detection and tracking in crowded scenes. Third, we study human motion and pose estimation. We segment hard to detect, fast moving body limbs from their surrounding clutter and match them against pose exemplars to detect body pose under fast motion. We employ on-the-fly human body kinematics to improve tracking of body joints under wide deformations. We use motion segmentability of body parts for re-ranking a set of body joint candidate trajectories and jointly infer multi-frame body pose and video segmentation. We show empirically that such multi-granularity tracking representation is worthwhile, obtaining significantly more accurate multi-object tracking and detailed body pose estimation in popular datasets

Articulated Clinician Detection Using 3D Pictorial Structures on RGB-D Data

Reliable human pose estimation (HPE) is essential to many clinical applications, such as surgical workflow analysis, radiation safety monitoring and human-robot cooperation. Proposed methods for the operating room (OR) rely either on foreground estimation using a multi-camera system, which is a challenge in real ORs due to color similarities and frequent illumination changes, or on wearable sensors or markers, which are invasive and therefore difficult to introduce in the room. Instead, we propose a novel approach based on Pictorial Structures (PS) and on RGB-D data, which can be easily deployed in real ORs. We extend the PS framework in two ways. First, we build robust and discriminative part detectors using both color and depth images. We also present a novel descriptor for depth images, called histogram of depth differences (HDD). Second, we extend PS to 3D by proposing 3D pairwise constraints and a new method that makes exact inference tractable. Our approach is evaluated for pose estimation and clinician detection on a challenging RGB-D dataset recorded in a busy operating room during live surgeries. We conduct series of experiments to study the different part detectors in conjunction with the various 2D or 3D pairwise constraints. Our comparisons demonstrate that 3D PS with RGB-D part detectors significantly improves the results in a visually challenging operating environment.Comment: The supplementary video is available at https://youtu.be/iabbGSqRSg

Deep Learning-Based Human Pose Estimation: A Survey

Human pose estimation aims to locate the human body parts and build human body representation (e.g., body skeleton) from input data such as images and videos. It has drawn increasing attention during the past decade and has been utilized in a wide range of applications including human-computer interaction, motion analysis, augmented reality, and virtual reality. Although the recently developed deep learning-based solutions have achieved high performance in human pose estimation, there still remain challenges due to insufficient training data, depth ambiguities, and occlusion. The goal of this survey paper is to provide a comprehensive review of recent deep learning-based solutions for both 2D and 3D pose estimation via a systematic analysis and comparison of these solutions based on their input data and inference procedures. More than 240 research papers since 2014 are covered in this survey. Furthermore, 2D and 3D human pose estimation datasets and evaluation metrics are included. Quantitative performance comparisons of the reviewed methods on popular datasets are summarized and discussed. Finally, the challenges involved, applications, and future research directions are concluded. We also provide a regularly updated project page: \url{https://github.com/zczcwh/DL-HPE

Learning to Refine Human Pose Estimation

Multi-person pose estimation in images and videos is an important yet challenging task with many applications. Despite the large improvements in human pose estimation enabled by the development of convolutional neural networks, there still exist a lot of difficult cases where even the state-of-the-art models fail to correctly localize all body joints. This motivates the need for an additional refinement step that addresses these challenging cases and can be easily applied on top of any existing method. In this work, we introduce a pose refinement network (PoseRefiner) which takes as input both the image and a given pose estimate and learns to directly predict a refined pose by jointly reasoning about the input-output space. In order for the network to learn to refine incorrect body joint predictions, we employ a novel data augmentation scheme for training, where we model "hard" human pose cases. We evaluate our approach on four popular large-scale pose estimation benchmarks such as MPII Single- and Multi-Person Pose Estimation, PoseTrack Pose Estimation, and PoseTrack Pose Tracking, and report systematic improvement over the state of the art.Comment: To appear in CVPRW (2018). Workshop: Visual Understanding of Humans in Crowd Scene and the 2nd Look Into Person Challenge (VUHCS-LIP