A Review of Considered Factors to Penetrate Renewable Energy Resources in Electrical Power System

As an increasing of load demand, scarcity of fossil fuel and penetration of greenhouse gasses (GHG) effect, utilization of renewable energy resources (RER) such as wind, solar, biomass and tidal are rising drastically. Distributed generation (DG) is a technology giving opportunity to integrate RER into power system network. These integrations are needed optimal long term planning. Those planning, hopefully, can increase reliability of electrical power system network while saving environment from GHG with minimum infestation, operation and maintenance cost. The aim of this paper is reviewing factors should be consider when preparing, operating and evaluating electrical power system with integration of RER. By this planning, it is expected that its integration is effective and efficient in a lifetime of project. Finally, this review can help government, researcher, engineer and private sector to make policies to preparing hybrid power system-DGs.   Keywords: Penetration of renewable energy resources, electrical power system, long term planning, distributed generation, policies &nbsp

Coordinated Siting and Sizing of Electric Taxi Charging Stations Considering Traffic and Power Systems Conditions

[EN] Electric Vehicles (EVs) have gained increased attention courtesy their potential to mitigate environmental issues associated with transportation. To integrate EVs in transportation and power networks, it is essential to properly perform the siting and sizing of charging stations. In particular, this task is more challenging for users that have more rigid schedules such as taxi drivers. This paper proposes a coordinated siting and sizing methodology for electric taxi (ET) charging stations considering both transportation and power system constraints. The case of Quito, Ecuador has been analyzed. The results indicate the optimal placement of the ET charging stations and the number of charging spots to be installed.This paper belongs to the project SIS.JCG.19.03 from Universidad de las Americas-Ecuador. The authors would like to thank Irvin Cedenos from BYD E-motors Ecuador for the fruitful discussions.Clairand, J.; González-Rodríguez, M.; Kumar, R.; Vyas, S.; Escrivá-Escrivá, G. (2021). Coordinated Siting and Sizing of Electric Taxi Charging Stations Considering Traffic and Power Systems Conditions. IEEE. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/PowerTech46648.2021.9495003S1

Design of an Incentive-based Demand Side Management Strategy for Stand-Alone Microgrids Planning

Demand Side Management Strategies (DSMSs) can play a significant role in reducing installation and operational costs, Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), and enhance renewable energy utilization in Stand-Alone Microgrids (SAMGs). Despite this, there is a paucity in literature exploring how DSMS affects the planning of SAMGs. This paper presents a methodology to design an incentive-based DSMS and evaluate its impact on the planning phase of a SAMG. The DSMS offers two kinds of incentives, a discount in the flat tariff to increase the electrical energy consumption of the users, and an extra payment added to the fare to penalize it. The design of the methodology integrates the optimal energy dispatch of the energy sources, the tariff design, and its sizing. In this regard, the main contribution of this paper is the design of an incentive-based DSMS using a Disciplined Convex approach, and the evaluation of its potential impacts over the planning of SAMG. The methodology also computes how the profits of the investors are modified when the economic incentives vary. A study case shows that the designed DSMS effectively reduces the size of the energy sources, the LCOE, and the payments of the customers for the purchased energy

Challenges to the Integration of Renewable Resources at High System Penetration

Successfully integrating renewable resources into the electric grid at penetration levels to meet a 33 percent Renewables Portfolio Standard for California presents diverse technical and organizational challenges. This report characterizes these challenges by coordinating problems in time and space, balancing electric power on a range of scales from microseconds to decades and from individual homes to hundreds of miles. Crucial research needs were identified related to grid operation, standards and procedures, system design and analysis, and incentives, and public engagement in each scale of analysis. Performing this coordination on more refined scales of time and space independent of any particular technology, is defined as a “smart grid.” “Smart” coordination of the grid should mitigate technical difficulties associated with intermittent and distributed generation, support grid stability and reliability, and maximize benefits to California ratepayers by using the most economic technologies, design and operating approaches

Use of Forest Residues for Building Forest Biomass Supply Chains: Technical and Economic Analysis of the Production Process

(c) there are strong margins for economic profits at the level of each single supply basi

Location analysis of electric vehicle charging stations for maximum capacity and coverage

Electric vehicle charging facility location is a critical component of long-term strategic planning. Integration of electric vehicles into mainstream adoption has unique characteristics as it requires a careful investigation of both electric and transportation networks. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent approaches in location analyses of electric vehicle charging infrastructures. We review approaches from classical operations research for fast and slow charging stations. Sample formulations along with case studies are presented to provide insights. We discuss that classical methods are appropriate to address the coverage of charging networks which is defined as average time or distance to reach a charging station when needed. On the other hand, calculating required capacity, defined as the individual charging resources at each node, is still an open research topic. In the final part, we present stochastic facility location theory that uses queuing and other probabilistic approaches

Remuneration mechanisms for investment in reactive power flexibility

Abstract The practices for the procurement of voltage control capability need changing because of the evolution of the power system driven by the penetration of renewable sources, low carbon policies, and decentralisation. New providers have to be involved. Therefore, new mechanisms to achieve cost-effective solutions have to be encouraged. To this aim, a cost-based incentive mechanism and a weighted auction are proposed for procuring additional reactive power capacity. Both mechanisms are conceived for encouraging effective investment in voltage control by reducing the overall procurement cost. Hence, the voltage sensitivity of the reactive power provider is part of both mechanisms. Voltage sensitivity is evaluated through the Multi Infeed Interaction Factors while the American Electric Power methodology is used for identifying the reactive power costs. The proposed mechanisms are general, and they can be exploited in transmission and distribution networks irrespective of the asset, which provides the reactive capacity. A case study concerning the 39-bus New-England power system is presented for providing the proof of concept of the proposed mechanisms. The analysis of the two mechanisms' pros and cons highlights that the weighted auction creates competition and shows low risks related to the exercise of potential market power

Some Aspects of Distribution System Planning in the Context of Investment in Distributed Generation

A paradigm shift in distribution system design and planning is being led by the deregulation of the power industry and the increasing adoption of distributed generation (DG). Technology advances have made DG investments feasible by both local distribution companies (LDCs) and small power producers (SPPs). LDCs are interested in finding optimal long term plans that best serve their customers at the lowest cost. SPPs, as private entities, are concerned about maximizing their rates of return. Also keenly interested in distribution design and planning is the government, which, through an electricity regulator, strives to meet DG penetration and emissions reduction goals through policy implementations. This thesis first examines the distribution system planning problem from the LDC's perspective. An innovative hierarchical dynamic optimization model is proposed for the planning of distribution systems and the energy scheduling of units that is also capable of reconciling uncoordinated SPP investments in DG. The first stage of the two-stage framework consists of a siting-cum-period planning model that sets element sizing and commissioning dates. The second stage consists of a capacity-cum-production planning model that finalizes element capacities and energy import/export and production schedules. The proposed framework is demonstrated on a 32-bus radial distribution system. Four case studies encompassing different policy sets are also conducted, demonstrating that this model's usefulness also extends to predicting the impact of different energy policies on distribution system operation and economics. The analysis of different policy sets is further expanded upon through the proposal of a new mathematical model that approaches the distribution design problem from the regulator's perspective. Various case studies examining policies that may be used by the regulator to meet DG penetration and emissions goals, through DG investment, are constructed. A combination of feed-in-tariffs, CO$_2$ tax, and cap-and-trade mechanisms are among the policies studied. The results, in the context of Ontario, Canada and its Standard Offer Program, are discussed, with respect to achieving objectives in DG investment, participation by SPPs, consumer costs, and uncertainty in carbon market prices. In jurisdictions such as Ontario, the LDC cannot invest in its own DG capacity but must accommodate those of SPPs. With the successful implementation of DG investment incentives by the regulator, there is a potential for significant investments in DG by SPPs, which may exceed that of the LDCs ability to absorb. This thesis proposes a novel method that can be used by the regulator or LDC to fairly assess, coordinate, and approve multiple competing investments proposals while maintaining operational feasibility of the distribution system. This method uses a feedback between the LDC and SPPs to achieve maximum investor participation while adhering to the technical operational limits of the distribution system. The proposed scheme is successfully demonstrated on a 32-bus radial distribution system, where it is shown to increase SPP-DG investments and production, improve the system's voltage profile, and reduce losses