Influence of Viscosity in Fluid Atomization with Surface Acoustic Waves

In this work, aqueous glycerol solutions are atomized to investigate the influence of the viscosity on the droplet size and the general atomization behavior in a setup using standing surface acoustic waves (sSAW) and a fluid supply at the boundary of the acoustic path. Depending on the fluid viscosity, the produced aerosols have a monomodal or polymodal size distribution. The mean droplet size in the dominant droplet fraction, however, decreases with increasing viscosity. Our results also indicate that the local wavefield conditions are crucial for the atomization process

Multisensory technology for flavor augmentation: a mini review

There is growing interest in the development of new technologies that capitalize on our emerging understanding of the multisensory influences on flavor perception in order to enhance human-food interaction design. This review focuses on the role of (extrinsic) visual, auditory, and haptic/tactile elements in modulating flavor perception and more generally, our food and drink experiences. We review some of the most exciting examples of recent multisensory technologies for augmenting such experiences. Here, we discuss applications for these technologies, for example, in the field of food experience design, in the support of healthy eating, and in the rapidly-growing world of sensory marketing. However, as the review makes clear, while there are many opportunities for novel human-food interaction design, there are also a number of challenges that will need to be tackled before new technologies can be meaningfully integrated into our everyday food and drink experiences

Kaasumaisten tuoksukomponenttien tuottaminen keinotekoisille haistelujärjestelmille

Even though recent studies have led to a more refined understanding of the mechanisms related to odorant detection, the vertebrate olfactory system remains the least understood sense of the human senses. The total amount of sensing elements, olfactory receptor proteins, in the human nose is counted in tens or hundreds of millions, thus recreating this kind of complex system artificially is challenging. Human nose cannot be seen as an objective sensor, so creating an artificial olfactory system, often called electronic nose or “e-nose”, which is capable to objectively and reliably classify odors in a wide range is a key research question in the field of artificial olfaction. In addition to the detection system in e-nose instruments, something analogical to human brain is needed to interpret the signals in the detecting sensors. Production of easily controllable and measurable odor stimulus is needed when studying human olfaction, olfaction-related physiology and psychological reactions to odors. Controlled odor producing instruments are called olfactometers. In this Master Thesis, a compact olfactometer able to produce controlled continuous odor stimuli from three individual gaseous components is presented. The main objective was to study and verify if the presented system can produce gas streams with the stable concentrations of different odor components. For measuring the output air stream, the device used is a chemical detector ChemPro 100i, that is based on aspiration ion mobility spectrometry (aIMS) technology. The presented olfactometer was used to produce synthetic jasmine scent using three main odor components from jasmine oil. Experiments were conducted to verify the functionality of our olfactometer and to analyze the capability to distinguish different odor component concentrations using the ChemPro 100i data. Further to test the functionality of our olfactometer, we run a short pilot test in which human participants compared a synthetically created scent of jasmine and the scent of real jasmine oil. Results showed that from the measurement data, different concentration sets of three components were able to be distinguished. Human pilot results showed that human nose was confused when comparing three component synthetic jasmine with real jasmine scent but could distinguish between two component synthetic jasmine and real jasmine scent

Flexible electronics: The next ubiquitous platform

Thin-film electronics in its myriad forms has underpinned much of the technological innovation in the fields of displays, sensors, and energy conversion over the past four decades. This technology also forms the basis of flexible electronics. Here we review the current status of flexible electronics and attempt to predict the future promise of these pervading technologies in healthcare, environmental monitoring, displays and human-machine interactivity, energy conversion, management and storage, and communication and wireless networks

Portable device for augmented reality: five-sense experiences

Dissertação de mestrado, Engenharia Eléctrica e Electrónica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 2017O objectivo deste trabalho é apresentar um dispositivo portátil capaz de proporcionar sensações de tacto, paladar e olfacto a uma experiência de realidade aumentada. Hoje em dia, muitas experiências culturais e pessoais são construídas com base em aplicações móveis, incluindo aqueles que usam Realidade Aumentada (AR). Estas aplicações têm crescido em utilização, devido à enorme popularidade dos dispositivos móveis, com câmaras existentes, com sistemas de posicionamento global (GPS) e também com uma enorme disponibilidade de conexões de internet. Por outro lado, a maior parte das interfaces de utilizador (UI – User Interface) actuais seguiu tradicionalmente um modelo de tamanho único, geralmente ignorando as necessidades, habilidades e preferências dos utilizadores individuais. No entanto, estudos recentes indicam que o desempenho da visualização dos dispositivos poderia ser melhorado se fossem adaptados aspectos de visualização especificamente para cada utilizador individual. Tendo este contexto em mente, o projeto Mobile Five Senses Augmented Reality System for Museums (M5SAR) visa desenvolver um sistema de AR para ser um guia em eventos culturais, históricos e em museus, complementando ou substituindo a orientação tradicional dada pelos guias, sinais direcionais ou mapas. O trabalho descrito na presente tese faz parte deste projeto M5SAR. O sistema completo consiste numa aplicação para smartphone (fora do âmbito desta tese) e num dispositivo físico (o presente trabalho), às vezes referido como "gadget", “dispositivo portátil”, ”AMtop” (Aplicação Móvel + tacto olfacto e paladar) ou “PDTTSS” (Portable Device for Touch Taste and Smell Sensations), para ser integrado no smartphone de forma a explorar os 5 sentidos humanos: visão, audição, tacto, olfacto e paladar. Os sistemas tradicionais de AR dão feedback sensorial a apenas dois dos nossos sentidos, a visão e a audição. Ao contrário desses, a multimédia multissensorial concentra-se em fornecer comunicações imersivas e melhorar a qualidade de experiência dos utilizadores. Com isto em mente, é um dos objetivos do projeto M5SAR, a implementação de um dispositivo de hardware para se integrar ao smartphone, que permita ao utilizador sentir toque, cheiro e sabor, expandindo a experiência digital típica para todos os cinco sentidos. Portanto, é o objetivo deste trabalho, construir e desenvolver esse mesmo dispositivo de realidade aumentada. As soluções actuais relacionadas com o aumento de experiências sensoriais consistem em grandes sistemas de hardware e estão longe de ser portáteis. Nesta tese, é apresentado um novo dispositivo pequeno e portátil, para integrar com o smartphone do utilizador, para reproduzir uma experiência completa com todos os cinco sentidos. O dispositivo implementado embora pequeno e, adiciona ao sistema de realidade aumentada as experiências do toque, cheiro e sabor. Além disso, o dispositivo é suficientemente flexível para se adaptar aos diferentes tamanhos dos tablets e smartphones dos utilizadores. É alimentado por uma bateria recarregável, o que dá ao módulo a capacidade de manter o sistema a funcionar durante toda a visita ao museu. O núcleo principal é um microcontrolador que recebe as instruções da aplicação móvel a correr no smartphone e reage de acordo com essas instruções, activando o restante hardware necessário para disponibilizar a experiência multissensorial ao utilizador. A comunicação entre a aplicação e o dispositivo é feita sem fios, através de um interface Bluetooth. A comunicação com o resto do módulo, denotados aqui como interfaces físicos, é cablada. Estas interfaces serão responsáveis por criar os estímulos que reproduzem os três sentidos: tacto, paladar e olfacto. O restantes sentidos, a visão e a audição, já são reproduzidos pelo próprio smartphone ou tablet do utilizador. Neste relatório, depois de explicados os objectivos e o enquadramento do trabalho, são explicados alguns conceitos necessários para compreender o conteúdo e alcance desta tese, que inclui a compreensão dos sentidos humanos e a forma como são estimulados. São analisadas algumas das tecnologias existentes para reproduzir o estímulo sensorial para os três sentidos humanos menos explorados, toque, sabor e cheiro, quer sejam projetos acadêmicos, ideias em desenvolvimento ou produtos de consumo comercialmente disponíveis, independentemente do tamanho, eficiência ou praticidade. Pela análise dos objetivos e dos requisitos do projeto, e considerando a aplicação final, é apresentado o estudo do modo de desenvolver o dispositivo portátil, desde o seu aspecto físico, até os sistemas sensoriais mais intrincados. São apresentadas diferentes possibilidades de recriar o estímulo para cada sensação e que tecnologias existem e como podem ser aplicadas. Pela sua comparação e análise, são determinadas quais são as melhores e mais apropriados para usar neste projecto, tendo em consideração o tamanho, a portabilidade e as limitações de energia existentes num dispositivo portátil, também não esquecendo a comodidade e segurança para o usuário. São apresentados ainda neste relatório todos os detalhes importantes para a construção do protótipo do dispositivo portátil. Foi desenvolvido um protótipo que serve para fazer a “prova de conceito”, e neste relatório são detalhados os componentes usados, como eles foram ligados e explicadas as mudanças necessárias efectuadas em relação ao conceito projetado anteriormente. São ainda apresentadas as especificações técnicas de cada componente e do próprio PDTTSS, assim como a estrutura da caixa que suporta o dispositivo, mostrando a evolução que a estrutura teve ao longo do projecto, com os seus modelos 3D e a estrutura real impressa em 3D para a construção do protótipo. Desde a posição para cada componente na estrutura, a sua montagem, passando pela electrónica necessária, com a especificação da placa do microcontrolador, o firmware e a interface de comunicação, tudo é apresentado e detalhado neste relatório. Sob o protótipo do dispositivo desenvolvido, foram executados diversos testes. Devido à natureza de algumas interfaces usadas, alguns testes não foram possíveis de quantificar, por isso esses testes foram conduzidos com pessoas para obter seus comentários sobre sua experiência real como usuário da unidade portátil. Os resultados são apresentados e resumidos por interface sensorial. Além do estímulo sensorial, alguns resultados sobre a compatibilidade do uso, em relação ao tamanho e ao peso, também são representados aqui, assim como Uma discussão sobre os múltiplos resultados, analisando-os em termos de relevância e interesse para este aplicativo, bem como possíveis problemas e sua causa provável. Em termos gerais, os resultados são coerentes com uma primeira versão de um protótipo realizado com o objectivo de ser uma prova de conceito. Assim, os resultados mostram que há interfaces que necessitam de ser melhorados, para serem mais perceptíveis pelo utilizador final, nomeadamente a sensação de frio. Outros interfaces são ainda passíveis de melhorias, embora o resultado já obtido seja satisfatório, nomeadamente a sensação de vento. Outros interfaces apresentam já resultados aceitáveis para uma solução final, como a sensação de quente. Em suma, para um protótipo desenvolvido como prova de conceito, este cumpriu exemplarmente as suas funções, pois permitiu validar a ideia, permitindo ainda ter uma noção real da utilização e implementação dos interfaces pelos utilizadores finais. Neste âmbito, a análise dos problemas encontrados nos resultados dos testes permitiu encontrar soluções possíveis para corrigir esses problemas, e soluções de como melhorar o dispositivo portátil para o desenvolvimento de um novo protótipo

An Investigation of Olfactory Display Technology for the enhancement of Presence within Virtual Reality Experiences

This thesis examines the impact the inclusion of olfactory stimulus has on virtual reality (VR) for the enhancement of presence. To achieve this, a comprehensive review of past literature was undertaken. This review examines several relevant topics including the physiological process of perceiving scent, the concept of presence, and a discussion of past attempts to integrate olfactory stimulus with VR and visual media. This culminates in the presentation of a series of design heuristics for designing VR experiences that might implement olfaction.These heuristics provide the foundation for a systematic review into olfactory display technology. The review included 34 studies and examined the technology used as well as the impact on the sense of presence. The investigation has shown that many devices are custom-made by researchers to fit the requirements of their studies. A major knowledge gap that was revealed from this review was the distinct lack of a detailed method in which the olfactory display device might receive its queue to release scent stimulus electronically from interactions within the VR environment.A prototype olfactory display device is then presented. The proposed design drew on the most common methods found in the systematic review, with the aim of providing an accessible and low-cost method of creating an olfactory display device. The device was then evaluated against selected design heuristics to analyse functionality. It was also used to examine the impact that the inclusion of scent has on presence. This was explored through the use of items adapted from the Temple Presence Inventory (Lombard et al., 2009), a Think-Aloud protocol and series of open-ended questions. The device and its integration into the VR environment functioned as intended and appeared to afford a sense of presence in a small sample of participants. A discussion of the project successes, limitations and avenues for future research is then provided

High fidelity olfaction simulation for virtual environments

Olfaction is a key human sense due to its close connection to the brain, specifically memory and decision making, along with its effects on behaviour and emotions. Clearly, in order for virtual environments to reach perceptual equivalence with the real world, olfaction needs to be incorporated. Perceptual equivalence is defined as the same cognitive response occurring with the users whether they are exposed to real or synthesized stimuli regardless of the levels of duration, intensity or nature. While there have been previous attempts to use olfactory stimuli in virtual environments, these have been limited and not addressed some key aspects of olfaction and its corresponding stimuli, such the effects of high odour concentrations and smell habituation. This thesis presents a framework for a physically accurate olfactory pipeline in order to help provide high fidelity perceptually equivalent virtual environments. The pipeline consists of stages for capturing, data storage, reproduction, and finally delivering stimuli to end users. In particular this thesis focuses on the final delivery stage. It presents a novel physical calibration for the olfaction delivery system and a new human perceptual calibration procedure to ensure a robust and repeatable experience. For the first half of the delivery stage, this thesis provides the blueprint for a physically accurate smell display. This is subsequently shown be capable of reproducing smell stimuli with both accuracy, to intended real world concentrations, and precision, such that the outputted olfactory stimuli are consistently presented at the specified level. In addition, similar to other existing olfactory displays, this smell display is a low cost solution as well as a straightforward design with the intrinsic ability to provide virtually, immediate temporal displacement. The validation of the physical calibration of the display is based on fundamental laws of chemistry to provide the same result under the same specified conditions. For the second half of the delivery stage, a perceptual calibration procedure is presented to calculate Just Noticeable Differences for olfactory stimuli. The purpose of this is to be able to create normalised stimuli levels which are perceivable by the general population but are also perceptually similar across different odours. The work provides two Just Noticeable Difference stimuli levels for three target single molecule odours which have been calibrated on the olfactory display based on a sample population (N=10). These determined stimuli levels can subsequently be utilised as generalisable points for further experimental use with participants when investigating both olfactory phenomena and relationships between olfactory and other sensual stimuli. A final experimental study is proposed in this thesis to clearly demonstrate the capabilities of the research and to explore the possibility of olfactory attention-masking phenomena, similar to those seen in the visual domain. Participants were asked to preferentially rank the odours presented to them based on images of the smell source. Odours were the same as those used in the perception calibration, and were presented as randomised dual conditions either in combination with the other odours or with a blank. Participants were consistently able to correctly identify the correct odours with the correct images, ranking the correct answers either primary or secondary. In addition, a number of preferences for some odours over others were identified. In conclusion, this thesis outlines a novel framework for addressing the physical and perceptual aspects of olfaction in order to provide an accurate representation of a real world equivalent olfactory experience. Experiments show humans are readily able to distinguish between odours when presented at the same time and the evidence obtained suggests there may be attention-masking phenomena in the olfactory domai

Biosensors for Diagnosis and Monitoring

Biosensor technologies have received a great amount of interest in recent decades, and this has especially been the case in recent years due to the health alert caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The sensor platform market has grown in recent decades, and the COVID-19 outbreak has led to an increase in the demand for home diagnostics and point-of-care systems. With the evolution of biosensor technology towards portable platforms with a lower cost on-site analysis and a rapid selective and sensitive response, a larger market has opened up for this technology. The evolution of biosensor systems has the opportunity to change classic analysis towards real-time and in situ detection systems, with platforms such as point-of-care and wearables as well as implantable sensors to decentralize chemical and biological analysis, thus reducing industrial and medical costs. This book is dedicated to all the research related to biosensor technologies. Reviews, perspective articles, and research articles in different biosensing areas such as wearable sensors, point-of-care platforms, and pathogen detection for biomedical applications as well as environmental monitoring will introduce the reader to these relevant topics. This book is aimed at scientists and professionals working in the field of biosensors and also provides essential knowledge for students who want to enter the field

Human Health Engineering Volume II

In this Special Issue on “Human Health Engineering Volume II”, we invited submissions exploring recent contributions to the field of human health engineering, i.e., technology for monitoring the physical or mental health status of individuals in a variety of applications. Contributions could focus on sensors, wearable hardware, algorithms, or integrated monitoring systems. We organized the different papers according to their contributions to the main parts of the monitoring and control engineering scheme applied to human health applications, namely papers focusing on measuring/sensing physiological variables, papers highlighting health-monitoring applications, and examples of control and process management applications for human health. In comparison to biomedical engineering, we envision that the field of human health engineering will also cover applications for healthy humans (e.g., sports, sleep, and stress), and thus not only contribute to the development of technology for curing patients or supporting chronically ill people, but also to more general disease prevention and optimization of human well-being

EUROSENSORS XVII : book of abstracts

Fundação Calouste Gulbenkien (FCG).Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)