Laser Induced Desorption as Hydrogen Retention Diagnostic Method

Laser Induced Desorption Spectroscopy (LIDS) is a diagnostic method to measure the hydrogen content in the surface of a material exposed to a hydrogen isotope (H, D, T) plasma. It is developed mainly to monitor hydrogen retention in the walls of magnetic fusion devices that have to limit the amount of their fuel tritium mainly due to safety reasons. The development of fusion increasingly focusses on plasma-wall interactions for which in situ diagnostics like LIDS are required that work during plasma operation and without tile removal. The method has first been developed for thin amorphous hydrocarbon (a-C:H 95%) desorption already within 1.5 ms pulse duration. The retained hydrogen atoms are desorbed locally, recombine to molecules and migrate promptly to the surface via internal channels like pores and grain boundaries. Whereas, in W the retained hydrogen atoms have to diffuse through the bulk material, which is a relatively slow process also directed into the depth. The desorbed hydrogen fraction can thus be strongly reduced to 18-91% as observed here. This fraction is measured by melting the central part of a previously heated spot ca. 40 μm deep with a Ø2 mm, 3 ms laser pulse, releasing the remaining hydrogen. W samples exposed to different plasmas in TEXTOR, Pilot-PSI, PSI-2, PADOS and PlaQ show that the desorption fraction of LID mainly decreases due to higher sample temperature during plasma exposure. The heat causes deeper hydrogen diffusion and/or stronger hydrogen trapping due to creation of traps with higher binding energy. Such effects can lead to the observed desorption fractions as simulations (TMAP7 code) of heat and H diffusion during the laser pulse show. These experiments are performed in a vacuum chamber outside the tokamak, where the desorbed gases are quantified by a quadrupole mass spectrometer, thus representing the ex situ method LID-QMS.In the tokamak TEXTOR the in situ diagnostic method LIDS is used utilizing the same physics for heating, desorption and surface modifications. Understanding the latter becomes important to mitigate material release into the plasma. Here, the quantification of the desorbed hydrogen is done by passive spectroscopy of the Balmer Hα and Dα light (656 nm) observed coaxially to the laser beam as a double line by a spectrometer and from the side by a camera with gated image intensifier using a narrow-band H&D filter. A simplified data evaluation has been developed which determines the plasma radius of the light intensity maximum of the LIDS light, takes the electron density and temperature at this radius measured by edge plasma diagnostics and looks up the corresponding quotient of ionisation to excitation rate S/XB(ne,Te) in a database (ADAS). A second factor takes into account the dominant plasma processes which yield only one atom from one hydrogen molecule for pure hydrogen release and even less for desorbed hydrocarbons. The combined light-to-particle conversion factor is ca. 30 H atoms/Hα photons which agrees with simulations of the LIDS light (ERO code). While the simulated spatial light distribution is very sensitive to the details of the plasma edge profiles, the total photon amount stays very constant, thus justifying the simplified data evaluation. The experimental FWHM of the light in toroidal/poloidal direction is 30-40 mm and has an e-folding decay length of 15-20 mm in radial direction. Its intensity maximum is typically at ne ≈ 4∙10^18 e−/m³ and kB Te ≈ 60 eV close to the last closed flux surface.A measurement series shows good reproducibility of LIDS with a standard deviation of ±13%, while the estimated uncertainty of a single LIDS measurement is −47% to +43%. LIDS measurements are also in agreement with results from LID-QMS, slow thermal desorption (TDS) or nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). The lower detection limit of LIDS is determined by the Hα background fluctuations in TEXTOR to 8∙10^20 H/m² for ohmic and 5∙10^21 H/m² for neutral beam heated plasmas for a Ø2.6 mm laser spot. The upper measurement limit due to local plasma cooling by the cooler desorbed gas lies at ca. 6∙10^22 H/m² for TEXTOR conditions

Bolometers

Infrared Detectors and technologies are very important for a wide range of applications, not only for Military but also for various civilian applications. Comparatively fast bolometers can provide large quantities of low cost devices opening up a new era in infrared technologies. This book deals with various aspects of bolometer developments. It covers bolometer material aspects, different types of bolometers, performance limitations, applications and future trends. The chapters in this book will be useful for senior researchers as well as beginning graduate students

Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 3: N-Z

Papers from the conference are presented, and the topics covered include the following: planetary geology, meteorites, planetary composition, meteoritic composition, planetary craters, lunar craters, meteorite craters, petrology, petrography, volcanology, planetary crusts, geochronology, geomorphism, mineralogy, lithology, planetary atmospheres, impact melts, K-T Boundary Layer, volcanoes, planetary evolution, tectonics, planetary mapping, asteroids, comets, lunar soil, lunar rocks, lunar geology, metamorphism, chemical composition, meteorite craters, planetary mantles, and space exploration

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the institution for the year 1881.

Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution. 16 May. SMD 109,47-1, v2, 839p. [1994) Research related to the American Indian; Indian bread; Indian remains in Georgia and Illinois

The Power of Images. The Poetics of Violence in Lamentations 2 and Ancient Near Eastern Art

The publication of Keel’s Symbolism of the Biblical World (German 1972, English 1978) demonstrated the val-ue of ancient Near Eastern iconography for interpreting biblical texts. In the intervening decades since (and of) Keel’s work, iconographic exegesis of the Hebrew Bible has witnessed significant methodological and theoretical developments, many of which can be broadly characterized by an increasing concern with issues of histor(icit)y and contiguity in the image-text comparison. The present work represents a (re)turn to a phenomenological approach to iconographic exegesis that is especially concerned with how images and texts might mutually inform one another at the level of their respective poetics. As a test case for such a comparison, this volume examines how the phenomenon of violence figures in Lamentations 2 and in Ashurbanipal’s palace reliefs - specifically, one of the Battle of Til-Tuba programs (Southwest Palace, Room 33) and the lion hunt reliefs (North Palace, Room C). The project begins with a discussion of the neurological and cognitive relationship between seeing images with the eye and imagining them with the “mind’s eye” as a means of justifying such a phenomenological approach that compares how ancient artists and the biblical author construct the violent images that are seen and imagined in their works, respectively (ch. 1). It then conducts detailed analyses of the poetics of violent imagery in Lamentations 2 (chs. 2-3), the Battle of Til-Tuba reliefs (ch. 4), and Ashurbanipal’s lion hunt reliefs (ch. 5) before providing an extended comparison of the similar and divergent ways that violence figures in the literary and textual images of each piece (ch. 6). Overall, the volume profers new interpretive insights concerning the phenomenon of violence in the ancient Near Eastern artwork and Lamentations 2 specifically - particularly as it pertains to the poem’s construction of Yahweh’s and Zion’s bodies, its perspectival play, its manipulation of time, and the “power” of its imagery in eliciting the divine gaze. The project also demonstrates the utility of ancient Near Eastern art for illuminating not only what but also how a given phenomenon figures in biblical poetry and vice versa

Annual report 2015

Accessions considered in the study. Overview of the material considered in this study. For all materials, the GenBank identifier, the accession and species name as used in this study (Species) as well as their species synonyms used in the donor seed banks or in the NCBI GenBank (Material source/Reference) are provided. The genome symbol, and the country of origin, where the material was originally collected are given. The ploidy level measured in the scope of this study and the information if a herbarium voucher could be deposited in the herbarium of IPK Gatersleben (GAT) is given. Genomic formulas of tetraploids and hexploids are given as “female x male parent”. The genomes of Aegilops taxa follow Kilian et al. [74] and Li et al. [84]. Genome denominations for Hordeum follow Blattner [107] and Bernhardt [12] for the remaining taxa. (XLS 84 kb

Astronomy and Literature | Canon and Stylometrics

This eighth issue of Interfaces contains two thematic clusters: the first cluster, entitled The Astronomical Imagination in Literature through the Ages, is edited by Dale Kedwards; the second cluster, entitled Medieval Authorship and Canonicity in the Digital Age, is edited by Jeroen De Gussem and Jeroen Deploige

Fortress of the Soul

French Huguenots made enormous contributions to the life and culture of colonial New York during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Huguenot craftsmen were the city's most successful artisans, turning out unrivaled works of furniture which were distinguished by unique designs and arcane details. More than just decorative flourishes, however, the visual language employed by Huguenot artisans reflected a distinct belief system shaped during the religious wars of sixteenth-century France.In Fortress of the Soul, historian Neil Kamil traces the Huguenots' journey to New York from the Aunis-Saintonge region of southwestern France. There, in the sixteenth century, artisans had created a subterranean culture of clandestine workshops and meeting places inspired by the teachings of Bernard Palissy, a potter, alchemist, and philosopher who rejected the communal, militaristic ideology of the Huguenot majority which was centered in the walled city of La Rochelle. Palissy and his followers instead embraced a more fluid, portable, and discrete religious identity that encouraged members to practice their beliefs in secret while living safely—even prospering—as artisans in hostile communities. And when these artisans first fled France for England and Holland, then left Europe for America, they carried with them both their skills and their doctrine of artisanal security.Drawing on significant archival research and fresh interpretations of Huguenot material culture, Kamil offers an exhaustive and sophisticated study of the complex worldview of the Huguenot community. From the function of sacred violence and alchemy in the visual language of Huguenot artisans, to the impact among Protestants everywhere of the destruction of La Rochelle in 1628, to the ways in which New York's Huguenots interacted with each other and with other communities of religious dissenters and refugees, Fortress of the Soul brilliantly places American colonial history and material life firmly within the larger context of the early modern Atlantic world

Computer aided techniques for the attribution of Attic black-figure vase-paintings using the Princeton painter as a model.

Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.Because of their abundance and because of the insight into the ancient world offered by the depictions on their decorated surfaces, Attic painted ceramics are an extremely valuable source of material evidence. Knowing the identities and personalities of the artists who painted them not only helps us understand the paintings, but also helps in the process of dating them and, in the case of sherds, reconstructing them. However, few of the artists signed their wares, and the identities of the artists have to be revealed through a close analysis of the style in a process called attribution. The vast majority of the attributions of archaic Attic vases are due to John Beazley whose monumental works set the stage for the dominance of attribution studies in the scholarship of Greek ceramics for most of the 20th century. However, the number of new scholars trained in this arcane art is dwindling as new avenues of archaeological research have gained ascendency. A computer-aided technique for attribution may preserve the benefits of the art while allowing new scholars to explore previously ignored areas of research. To this end, the present study provides a theoretical framework for computer-aided attribution, and using the corpus of the Princeton Painter - a painter active in the 6th century BCE - demonstrates the principal that, by employing pattern recognition techniques, computers may be trained to serve as an aid in the attribution process. Three different techniques are presented that are capable of distinguishing between paintings of the Princeton Painter and some of his contemporaries with reasonable accuracy. The first uses shape descriptors to distinguish between the methods employed by respective artists to render minor anatomical details. The second shows that the relative positions of cranial features of the male figures on black-figure paintings is an indicator of style and may also be used as part of the attribution process. Finally a novel technique is presented that can distinguish between pots constructed by different potters based on their shape profiles. This technique may offer valuable clues for attribution when artists are known to work mostly with a single potter