Survey of sediment quality in Sabine Lake, Texas and vicinity

The toxicity of sediments in Sabine Lake, Texas, and adjoining Intracoastal Waterway canals was determined as part of bioeffects assessment studies managed by NOAA’s National Status and Trends Program. The objectives of the survey were to determine: (1) the incidence and degree of toxicity of sediments throughout the study area; (2) the spatial patterns (or gradients) in chemical contamination and toxicity, if any, throughout the study area; (3) the spatial extent of chemical contamination and toxicity; and (4) the statistical relationships between measures of toxicity and concentrations of chemicals in the sediments. Surficial sediment samples were collected during August, 1995 from 66 randomly-chosen locations. Laboratory toxicity tests were performed as indicators of potential ecotoxicological effects in sediments. A battery of tests was performed to generate information from different phases (components) of the sediments. Tests were selected to represent a range in toxicological endpoints from acute to chronic sublethal responses. Toxicological tests were conducted to measure: reduced survival of adult amphipods exposed to solid-phase sediments; impaired fertilization success and abnormal morphological development in gametes and embryos, respectively, of sea urchins exposed to pore waters; reduced metabolic activity of a marine bioluminescent bacteria exposed to organic solvent extracts; and induction of a cytochrome P-450 reporter gene system in exposures to solvent extracts of the sediments. Chemical analyses were performed on portions of each sample to quantify the concentrations of trace metals, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and chlorinated organic compounds. Correlation analyses were conducted to determine the relationships between measures of toxicity and concentrations of potentially toxic substances in the samples. Based upon the compilation of results from chemical analyses and toxicity tests, the quality of sediments in Sabine Lake and vicinity did not appear to be severely degraded. Chemical concentrations rarely exceeded effects-based numerical guidelines, suggesting that toxicant-induced effects would not be expected in most areas. None of the samples was highly toxic in acute amphipod survival tests and a minority (23%) of samples were highly toxic in sublethal urchin fertilization tests. Although toxic responses occurred frequently (94% of samples) in urchin embryo development tests performed with 100% pore waters, toxicity diminished markedly in tests done with diluted pore waters. Microbial bioluminescent activity was not reduced to a great degree (no EC50 <0.06 mg/ml) and cytochrome P-450 activity was not highly induced (6 samples exceeded 37.1 ug/g benzo[a]pyrene equivalents) in tests done with organic solvent extracts. Urchin embryological development was highly correlated with concentrations of ammonia and many trace metals. Cytochrome P450 induction was highly correlated with concentrations of a number of classes of organic compounds (including the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated compounds). (PDF contains 51 pages

Sediment Quality in Puget Sound Year 3 - Southern Puget Sound

As a component of a three-year cooperative effort of the Washington State Department of Ecology and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, surficial sediment samples from 100 locations in southern Puget Sound were collected in 1999 to determine their relative quality based on measures of toxicity, chemical contamination, and benthic infaunal assemblage structure. The survey encompassed an area of approximately 858 km2, ranging from East and Colvos Passages south to Oakland Bay, and including Hood Canal. Toxic responses were most severe in some of the industrialized waterways of Tacoma’s Commencement Bay. Other industrialized harbors in which sediments induced toxic responses on smaller scales included the Port of Olympia, Oakland Bay at Shelton, Gig Harbor, Port Ludlow, and Port Gamble. Based on the methods selected for this survey, the spatial extent of toxicity for the southern Puget Sound survey area was 0% of the total survey area for amphipod survival, 5.7% for urchin fertilization, 0.2% for microbial bioluminescence, and 5- 38% with the cytochrome P450 HRGS assay. Measurements of trace metals, PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, other organic chemicals, and other characteristics of the sediments, indicated that 20 of the 100 samples collected had one or more chemical concentrations that exceeded applicable, effects-based sediment guidelines and/or Washington State standards. Chemical contamination was highest in eight samples collected in or near the industrialized waterways of Commencement Bay. Samples from the Thea Foss and Middle Waterways were primarily contaminated with a mixture of PAHs and trace metals, whereas those from Hylebos Waterway were contaminated with chlorinated organic hydrocarbons. The remaining 12 samples with elevated chemical concentrations primarily had high levels of other chemicals, including bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, and phenol. The characteristics of benthic infaunal assemblages in south Puget Sound differed considerably among locations and habitat types throughout the study area. In general, many of the small embayments and inlets throughout the study area had infaunal assemblages with relatively low total abundance, taxa richness, evenness, and dominance values, although total abundance values were very high in some cases, typically due to high abundance of one organism such as the polychaete Aphelochaeta sp. N1. The majority of the samples collected from passages, outer embayments, and larger bodies of water tended to have infaunal assemblages with higher total abundance, taxa richness, evenness, and dominance values. Two samples collected in the Port of Olympia near a superfund cleanup site had no living organisms in them. A weight-of-evidence approach used to simultaneously examine all three “sediment quality triad” parameters, identified 11 stations (representing 4.4 km2, 0.5% of the total study area) with sediment toxicity, chemical contamination, and altered benthos (i.e., degraded sediment quality), 36 stations (493.5 km2, 57.5% total study area) with no toxicity or chemical contamination (i.e., high sediment quality), 35 stations (274.1 km2, 32.0% total study area) with one impaired sediment triad parameter (i.e., intermediate/high sediment quality), and 18 stations (85.7km2, 10.0% total study area) with two impaired sediment parameters (i.e., intermediate/degraded quality sediments). Generally, upon comparison, the number of stations with degraded sediments based upon the sediment quality triad of data was slightly greater in the central Puget Sound than in the northern and southern Puget Sound study areas, with the percent of the total study area degraded in each region decreasing from central to north to south (2.8, 1.3 and 0.5%, respectively). Overall, the sediments collected in Puget Sound during the combined 1997-1999 surveys were among the least contaminated relative to other marine bays and estuaries studied by NOAA using equivalent methods. (PDF contains 351 pages

Acute toxicity of cerium oxide, titanium oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles using standardized tests

In this study, several standard toxicity tests have been performed on selected inorganic nanoparticles. Acute toxicity tests were selected according to their extensive use in toxicological studies and included phytotoxicity using several seeds, Daphnia magna and a bioluminescent test (Microtox®). All of them have been used in several international regulations as toxicity assays. In the case of nanoparticles (NPs), we have studied those of cerium oxide, titanium dioxide and iron oxide. Iron oxide NPs are well known and broadly used and were selected because of their low toxicity. Titanium dioxide and cerium oxide NPs are currently being used in several fields such as photocatalysis and medical applications, but their toxicity effects have been scarcely studied. Our results revealed that cerium NPs are extremely toxic in the entire set of tests conducted (inhibition higher than 80% at very low concentrations for the bioluminescence test and LC50 = 0.012 mg/ml of mortality in the assays of D. magna), whereas titanium NPs were practically inert in terms of toxicity (values similar to those of controls). The possible toxicological effect of the solvents necessary to stabilize NPs in liquid medium for the three cases (stabilizers) has been also studied. Only in the germination test (phytotoxicity) of some seeds they showed some detrimental effect to germination. In general, the standardized tests proposed in this study have proved to be very useful in the determination of NPs toxicity when no or few data are available, although further work is necessary in the case of the germination tes

Evaluación de la toxicidad en aguas residuales industriales tratadas por procesos biológicos utilizando bacterias luminiscentes

ABSTRACT: The toxicity of wastewater from a meat by-products processing company was evaluated before and after treatment using the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). Toxicity tests were carried out by analyzing the inhibitory effect of samples in relation to light emission from marine bacteria of the species Vibrio scheri. The results found that the efluuents prior to treatment were highly toxic (EC50 82%). In some operational stages of the SBR reactor, a high correlation between the ammonia nitrogen present in each sample and the toxicity of wastewater from both the in fluents and the efluents was found, with correlations (R2) of 0.6141 and 0.8158, respectively. As a consequence of these results, the SBR system can be considered ef cient at removing organic matter, and nitrogen, and thereby decreasing toxicity in treated water.RESUMEN: La toxicidad de las aguas residuales provenientes de empresas de procesamiento de productos cárnicos fue evaluada antes y después del tratamiento usando un reactor secuencial por lotes (SBR). Las pruebas de toxicidad fueron evaluadas mediante el análisis del efecto inhibidor de muestras en relación con la emisión de luz a partir de bacterias marinas de la especie Vibrio scheri. Los resultados demostraron que los efluentes antes del tratamiento eran altamente tóxicos (EC50 82%). En algunas etapas operativas del reactor SBR, se encontró correlación entre el nitrógeno amoniacal presente en cada muestra y la toxicidad de las aguas residuales tanto en el afluente y los efluentes, con correlaciones (R2) de 0,6141 y 0,8158, respectivamente. Como consecuencia de estos resultados, el sistema SBR puede ser considerado eficiente en la eliminación de materia orgánica y nitrógeno, y de ese modo disminuir la toxicidad en el agua tratada

Role of microbes as cleaning degrading industrial wastes for environmental sustainability- A Reveiw.

Public Concern about environment is a very important component necessary for the existence of both man and other biotic organisms. The degree of sustainability of the physical environment is an index of the survival and well-being of the entire components in it. Additionally, it is not sufficient to try disposing toxic/deleterious substances with any known method. The best method of sustaining the environment is such that returns back all the components (wastes) in a recyclable way so that the waste becomes useful and helps the biotic and a biotic relationship to maintain an aesthetic and healthy equilibrium that characterizes an ideal environment. In this review paper we discuss biological method of environmental sustainability which seeks to investigate the various biotechnological tools (biotools) in current use and those undergoing investigations for future use. &nbsp

Microwave Assisted Photocatalytic Treatment of Naphthenic Acids in Water

Naphthenic acids (NAs) are natural constituents of bitumen and crude oil, and predominantly obtained as the by-product of petroleum refining with variable composition and ingredients. Naphthenic acids are composed of alkyl-substituted cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids, with smaller amounts of acyclic aliphatic acids. Naphthenic acids become a significant part of the tailings pond water (TPW) after separation from oil sands material. NAs are soluble in water and are concentrated in TPW as a result of caustic oil sands extraction processes. Tailings ponds near the Athabasca oil sands region near Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada are contaminated with a variety of toxic organic compounds released in industrial effluent from the oil extraction processes. NAs are among the major water contaminants in those regions because of their toxicity and environmental recalcitrance. They may enter surface water systems due to erosion of riverbank oil sands deposits and through groundwater mixing. Significant environmental and regulatory attention has been focused on the naphthenic acids fraction of oil sands material to address these challenges and potential hazards. Biological, chemical, and photolytic treatments of water contaminated with NAs have been studied, but are either time consuming or involve significant capital investment. There is a growing need to develop more efficient and cost-effective treatment methods. Based on existing literature, microwave and photocatalysis for degradation of naphthenic acids in water may be one solution. A knowledge gap exists in determining the effect of microwave energy and/or photocatalysis on the rate and extent of NAs degradation in contaminated water. Part of this work included evaluation of the physical and chemical properties of NAs. Dielectric properties, important for designing a microwave system, were investigated. Effects of temperature, concentration, and frequency of microwaves on the dielectric properties of NA-water mixtures were studied and were used in designing the treatment systems for NAs. Three laboratory scale systems, (1) photocatalysis, (2) microwave, and (3) microwave assisted photocatalysis systems were designed and developed. Experiments were conducted to determine the NA degradation efficiency of these systems for both commercially available Fluka NAs and those extracted from oil sand process water (OSPW). Effects of water source (deionised and river water) and use of TiO2 catalyst in the degradation process, were also investigated. Degradation kinetics for total NAs as well as individual z-family were calculated. Results show that the three developed treatment systems were able to degrade NAs at a faster rate than the methods reported to date. The concentration of higher molecular weight NAs (z = -4 to -12) decreased more significantly than the lower molecular weight NAs in all the three treatment systems. Toxicity assessments of the NAs samples before and after treatment indicated that photocatalysis and microwave assisted photocatalysis systems decreased the toxicity of Fluka and OSPW NAs completely (up to 5 min IC50 v/v > 90%). The microwave system reduced the toxicity of water containing Fluka NAs from high (5 min IC50 v/v = 15.85%) to moderate (5 min IC50 v/v = 36.45%) toxicity. However, a slight increase in toxicity was noted post-treatment in OSPW NAs. Microwave-assisted photocatalysis was the most rapid degradation system for OSPW NA extracts in water with a half-life of 0.56 h in the presence of TiO2. The microwave system degraded OSPW NAs in water at a more moderate half-life of 3.32 h. The photocatalysis system was the slowest with a half-life of 3.99 h under similar conditions. High and ultra high resolution analysis of NA sample, estimations of cost and further efficiency related research of the developed systems to treat water with microbial load along with chemical contaminants are recommended for future work to further validate these treatment systems

Decolourisation of Acid orange 7 in a microbial fuel cell with a laccase-based biocathode: Influence of mitigating pH changes in the cathode chamber

Biocathodes may be a suitable replacement of platinum in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) if the cost of MFCs is to be reduced. However, the use of enzymes as bio-cathodes is fraught with loss of activity as time progresses. A possible cause of this loss in activity might be pH increase in the cathode as pH gradients in MFCs are well known. This pH increase is however, accompanied by simultaneous increase in salinity; therefore salinity may be a confounding variable. This study investigated various ways of mitigating pH changes in the cathode of MFCs and their effect on laccase activity and decolourisation of a model azo dye Acid orange 7 in the anode chamber. Experiments were run with catholyte pH automatically controlled via feedback control or by using acetate buffers (pH 4.5) of various strength (100 mM and 200 mM), with CMI7000 as the cation exchange membrane. A comparison was also made between use of CMI7000 and Nafion 117 as the transport properties of cations for both membranes (hence their potential effects on pH changes in the cathode) are different