Estimating Poverty for Indigenous Groups in Chile by Matching Census and Survey Data

It is widely held that indigenous Chileans experience greater rates of poverty and indigence than non-indigenous Chileans, yet the evidence to date has been based on surveys that are not representative by ethnicity. In this paper, we use poverty mapping methodologies that are typically applied to geography to develop statistically precise estimates of poverty, indigence, poverty gaps, and indigence gaps for each of the eight indigenous groups recognized by Chilean law. We find that indigenous people experience higher rates of poverty and indigence and greater depth of poverty and indigence than non-indigenous people. These results hold within individual regions, suggesting that the differential access to economic opportunities in different parts of the country cannot fully explain the results. We also find that the burden of poverty is not shared equally across indigenous groups. Instead, the Mapuche and Aymar· experience disproportionately high poverty rates. We argue that including ethnicity in criteria for identifying poor households may help policy-makers to improve antipoverty targeting.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64360/1/wp932.pd

Pathways to Higher Education

Presents case studies from Ford's initiative to support efforts to transform universities abroad to enable poor, minority, and otherwise underrepresented students to obtain a university degree. Outlines selected best practices from grantees

La estructura argumentativa de un tipo particular de discurso jurídico. El caso de cuatro demandas de reivindicación territorial mapuche (IX Región-Chile) y la construcción de la identidad reivindicativa

La investigación realizada busca aportar antecedentes respecto de la manera cómo se construyen los hechos históricos y jurídicos, expresados en las demandas judiciales de reivindicación territorial mapuche, que patrocina y presenta el abogado mapuche José Lincoqueo. Esto permitirá conocer la compleja relación entre el Estado – Sistema Judicial y el pueblo mapuche en Chile. El corpus de estudio de esta investigación está integrado por cuatro demandas de reivindicación territorial mapuche presentadas en los tribunales de justicia desde 1998 hasta 2000.This research contributes to the construction of the historical and judicial facts, expressed in the judicial demands of mapuche territorial reivindication by the mapuche lawyer, José Lincoqueo. This research permits us to understand the complex relation between the State – Judicial System and the mapuche people in Chile. The body of work of this research are focused on four mapuche territorial reivindication demands presented in the tribunal justice since 1998 until 2000

Arrival of Paleo-Indians to the Southern Cone of South America: New Clues from Mitogenomes

With analyses of entire mitogenomes, studies of Native American mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation have entered the final phase of phylogenetic refinement: the dissection of the founding haplogroups into clades that arose in America during and after human arrival and spread. Ages and geographic distributions of these clades could provide novel clues on the colonization processes of the different regions of the double continent. As for the Southern Cone of South America, this approach has recently allowed the identification of two local clades (D1g and D1j) whose age estimates agree with the dating of the earliest archaeological sites in South America, indicating that Paleo-Indians might have reached that region from Beringia in less than 2000 years. In this study, we sequenced 46 mitogenomes belonging to two additional clades, termed B2i2 (former B2l) and C1b13, which were recently identified on the basis of mtDNA control-region data and whose geographical distributions appear to be restricted to Chile and Argentina. We confirm that their mutational motifs most likely arose in the Southern Cone region. However, the age estimate for B2i2 and C1b13 (11–13,000 years) appears to be younger than those of other local clades. The difference could reflect the different evolutionary origins of the distinct South American-specific sub-haplogroups, with some being already present, at different times and locations, at the very front of the expansion wave in South America, and others originating later in situ, when the tribalization process had already begun. A delayed origin of a few thousand years in one of the locally derived populations, possibly in the central part of Chile, would have limited the geographical and ethnic diffusion of B2i2 and explain the present-day occurrence that appears to be mainly confined to the Tehuelche and Araucanian-speaking grou

Poesía mapuche: deslindes sobre una textualidad fronteriza

En las últimas décadas, la poesía mapuche traducida al castellano ha iluminado un espacio de escritura casi desconocido anteriormente, por corresponder a una cultura marginada y a una lengua ágrafa. La invención de un alfabeto mapuche y la edición de versiones bilingües será el fundamento de un diálogo fértil entre dos culturas fronterizas, la mapuche y la criollaDuring last decades, the Mapuche poetry translated into Spanish has illuminated a writing space which was almost unknown before, because it corresponds to a culture marginalized and a language without an alphabet. The invention of a Mapuche alphabet and the bilingual versions will suppose the foundation of a fertile dialogue between two cultures, Mapuche and Creol

Estimating Poverty for Indigenous Groups in Chile by Matching Census and Survey Data

It is widely held that indigenous Chileans experience greater rates of poverty and indigence than non-indigenous Chileans, yet the evidence to date has been based on surveys that are not representative by ethnicity. In this paper, we use poverty mapping methodologies that are typically applied to geography to develop statistically precise estimates of poverty, indigence, poverty gaps, and indigence gaps for each of the eight indigenous groups recognized by Chilean law. We find that indigenous people experience higher rates of poverty and indigence and greater depth of poverty and indigence than non-indigenous people. These results hold within individual regions, suggesting that the differential access to economic opportunities in different parts of the country cannot fully explain the results. We also find that the burden of poverty is not shared equally across indigenous groups. Instead, the Mapuche and Aymará experience disproportionately high poverty rates. We argue that including ethnicity in criteria for identifying poor households may help policy-makers to improve antipoverty targeting.Poverty; Indigence; Ethnicity; Poverty Mapping; Chile

Multiple Masculinities: an exploration of urban Mapuche youth identities in Chile

This thesis explores the multiple masculinities performed by urban Mapuche youth. Current understandings of indigenous masculinity are limited to distinctions between urban and rural, hegemonic and marginalised, and authentic and modern. This explanation essentialises indigenous masculinities by reducing them to limiting dichotomies. This research challenges such essentialisms by exploring the multiple ways in which young urban Mapuche men perform their masculinities and challenge ways in which they are represented. It argues that their masculinities are formed out of complex relationships with Mapuche identity and cannot be dismissed as inauthentic. The thesis draws on qualitative research undertaken during a one-month period between the cities of Santiago and Temuco in Chile, including interviews, focus groups and photo voice with men of Mapuche ethnicity between the ages of 16 and 31. The results show that young Mapuche men experience and express their masculinities in varied and distinct ways. In Santiago, those who identify as ‘Mapurbe’ (a Mapuche urban youth political movement) understand their masculinity within the traditional Mapuche role system. However, whilst the Mapurbe are often taken to represent Mapuche urban youth more broadly in popular and academic discourses, the research findings suggest that multiple urban youth masculinities exist in Chile. In Temuco, young Mapuche students identify as both Mapuche and Chilean, combining everyday Chilean masculinities with what they believe to be Mapuche expressions of masculinity through displays of aggression. Meanwhile, young professional Mapuche men express their masculinity through understandings of men as providers, actively rejecting a Mapuche masculine identity. The thesis suggests that these complexities in Mapuche masculinities need to be understood through an intersectional approach that takes account of both place and class, which is important in both challenging popular stereotypes and creating a richer understanding of diverse expressions of modern indigeneity

Poverty and Inequality among Ethnic Groups in Chile

Despite two decades of rapid growth, indigenous Chileans are disproportionately poor. However, income data obtained from non-representative surveys yield imprecise estimates of poverty and inequality. This paper therefore estimates poverty and inequality using poverty mapping methods. In contrast to previous studies, however, we use ethnicity rather than geography as a basis for disaggregation. We find that indigenous Chileans are significantly poorer than non-indigenous people, but that inequality rates are also lower for indigenous groups. These reliable estimates of poverty and inequality may augment the antipoverty targeting criteria used in Chile, helping policy-makers to better identify poor households.Latin America; Chile; Poverty; Inequality; Ethnicity; Poverty Mapping

Poverty Estimating Poverty for Indigenous Groups by Matching Census and Survey Data

It is widely held that indigenous Chileans experience greater rates of poverty and indigence than non-indigenousChileans, yet the evidence to date has been based on surveys that are not representative by ethnicity. In this paper,we use poverty mapping methodologies that are typically applied to geography to develop statistically preciseestimates of poverty, indigence, poverty gaps, and indigence gaps for each of the eight indigenous groupsrecognized by Chilean law. We find that indigenous people experience higher rates of poverty and indigence andgreater depth of poverty and indigence than non-indigenous people. These results hold within individual regions,suggesting that the differential access to economic opportunities in different parts of the country cannot fully explainthe results. We also find that the burden of poverty is not shared equally across indigenous groups. Instead, theMapuche and Aymará experience disproportionately high poverty rates. We argue that including ethnicity incriteria for identifying poor households may help policy-makers to improve antipoverty targeting.Poverty; Indigence; Ethnicity; Poverty Mapping; Chile