Change in Charleston’s Built Environment: A Study of Building Footprints Comparing Primary Dwellings to Secondary Buildings in Harleston Village

This thesis investigates the rates of change for main dwellings and secondary buildings in Harleston Village, one of Charleston, South Carolina\u27s, early suburban neighborhoods. The goal of this thesis is to study how the frequency of change for secondary buildings compares with that of primary dwellings and to see if secondary buildings encounter a greater rate of change compared with primary dwellings. The research will quantify an anecdotal phenomenon, of outbuildings being demolished or altered more than primary buildings. The study area for this thesis is Harleston Village, and the sample data was gathered from nine city blocks. The two eastern blocks are bounded by George Street to the north, Saint Philip Street on the east, Wentworth Street to the south, and Coming Street on the west. A larger seven-block sample is bounded by Bull Street to the north, Coming Street to the east, Montagu Street to the south, and Halsey Boulevard on the west. The 1888, 1902, 1944, 1955, and 1973 Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps illustrate the change in building footprints for both primary dwellings and secondary buildings. A total of 228 primary dwellings and 485 secondary buildings were recorded in the sample. The data shows that 42% of back buildings were demolished over the study period, compared with 68% of main dwellings, thus contradicting the idea main dwellings are changed less than secondary buildings. This finding contradicts the idea that back buildings are more vulnerable; instead, percentage-wise main dwellings are at a higher risk. When looking at raw numbers, more secondary buildings are demolished due to the fact there were traditionally more secondary buildings than main dwellings on a given property lot. But when looking at percentages of demolition for the two building types, main dwellings are as vulnerable, if not more so, compared to secondary buildings. The significance of this thesis is rooted in the method applied and the results yielded from it. This process developed here can be applied to other areas with their own built resources if there is a collection of Sanborn Maps available leading to another form of documentation of the built environment. The decrease in percent of demolition shown on the line graphs for secondary buildings shows a shift in preservation practice and ethics in the latter part of the twentieth century. Demolition rates for main dwellings and secondary buildings are inverted from 1944-1955 and from 1955-1973. Showing that no matter whether there are protections in the form of guidelines or from review boards placed upon buildings, if there is a great enough pressure placed on them, demolition can happen. No building type, whether ornate or vernacular, is safe from change and should be documented when the opportunity is presented to learn from and hopefully share with future generations and researchers. This work can be continued for the remaining portions of Charleston and can be implemented in other cities with historic built resources. Rates of demolition and alteration can help preservationists evaluate risk to various parts of the built environment

Phase I Study of Ipilimumab Combined with Whole Brain Radiation Therapy or Radiosurgery for Melanoma Patients with Brain Metastases

Purpose: We performed a phase I study to determine the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) and safety of ipilimumab with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) in patients with brain metastases (BM) from melanoma. Methods: Based on intracranial (IC) disease burden, patients were treated with WBRT (Arm A) or SRS (Arm B). Ipilimumab starting dose was 3 mg/kg (every 3 weeks, starting on day 3 of WBRT or 2 days after SRS). Ipilimumab was escalated to 10 mg/kg using a two-stage, 3+3 design. The primary endpoint was to determine the MTD of ipilimumab combined with radiotherapy. Secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), IC and extracranial (EC) control, progression free survival (PFS), and toxicity. This trial is regis- tered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01703507. Results: Characteristics of the 16 patients enrolled between 2011 and 2014 were: mean age, 60; median BM, 2 (1 to \u3e10); number with EC disease, 13 (81%). Treatment included WBRT (n=5), SRS (n=11), ipilimumab 3mg/kg (n=7), 10 mg/kg (n=9). Median follow-up was 8 months (Arm A) and 10.5 months (Arm B). There were 21 grade 1-2 neuro- toxic effects with no dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs). One patient experienced grade 3 neurotoxicity prior to ipilimumab administration. Ten additional grade 3 toxicities were reported with gastrointestinal (n=5, 31%) as the most common. There were no grade 4/5 toxicities. Median PFS and OS, respectively, in Arm A were 2.5 months and 8 months, and in Arm B were 2.1 months and not reached. Conclusion: Concurrent ipilimumab 10 mg/kg with SRS is safe. The WBRT arm was closed early due to slow accrual, but demonstrated safety with ipilimumab 3 mg/kg. No patient experienced DLT. Larger studies with ipilimumab 10 mg/kg and SRS are warranted

Preliminary groundwater and salinity investigations in the eastern wheatbelt 2. Merredin catchment

Saline groundwater occurs within twelve metres of the surface throughout the valley of the Merredin catchment. Saline groundwater occurs within deep sediments deposited in the valley and deeply-weathered bedrock materials. Rapid groundwater recharge appears to be taking place in sandy-textured soils high in the landscape and directly into the Cainozoic sediments in the valley floor. Water-tables are rising at approximately ten centimetres each year in the upper catchment area

Cervical Cancer in Women Aged 35 Years and Younger

AbstractPurposeAge has been evaluated as a prognostic factor in cervical cancer in both hospital- and population-based studies. Results regarding the relation of age and cervical cancer prognosis are conflicting. This study pursued a contemporary assessment of the association of extreme young age at the time of a cervical cancer diagnosis on survival.MethodsInstitutional review board approval was obtained, and retrospective data collection at 2 academic institutions was performed. Inclusion criteria involved women ≤35 years diagnosed with cervical cancer between 1990 and 2012. Data included demographic and prognostic information pertinent to survival and progression. Characteristics of very young (≤25 years) and young (>25–35 years) women were compared. Kaplan-Meier estimates, the log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to assess the association of age, tumor histology, grade, stage, and parametrial involvement with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).FindingsIncident cases (n = 126) of cervical cancer in patients ≤35 years of age were identified of which complete clinical information was available for 114 women. Fifteen percent (17 of 114) were ≤25 years, with the remaining 85% (97 of 114) being 26 to 35 years of age. Race, smoking status, and marital status were comparable between the 2 groups. Squamous histology dominated overall (77 of 114; 68%) with adenocarcinoma contributing ~25% (30 of 114; 26%) of cases. The majority (96 of 114, 84%) had either stage 1A (31 of 114, 27%) or 1B (65 of 114, 57%) disease. A log-rank test revealed no evidence to infer a difference in either PFS or OS among the age groups (P = 0.511 and P = 0.340). In a univariate analysis, grade and stage significantly affected OS (P < 0.0001, P = 0.045), and stage significantly affected PFS (P < 0.0001). In multivariate modeling, presence of parametrial involvement and histologic cancer type significantly affected both PFS (P = 0.002, P = 0.001) and OS (P = 0.001, P = 0.001).ImplicationsTumor histology, parametrial involvement, and stage continue to be strong prognosticators for PFS and OS. Progression and survival outcomes are age independent in women with cervical cancer ≤35 years of age. Further study of a larger young cohort may potentially yield different outcomes

Archaeological and chemical investigation on the high imperial mosaic floor mortars of the domus integrated in the museum of archaeology D. Diogo de Sousa, Braga, Portugal

This paper intends to characterize the floor mortar layers (nucleus, rudus and statumen) of the high imperial mosaics of the domus integrated in the Museum of Archeology D. Diogo de Sousa, the oldest roman housing testimonies known in Braga, Portugal. It offers an important archaeological and historical contextualization and first chemical characterization attempt on the mortars. The study of 13 mortar samples was carried out at a chemical level through X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). All samples presented low lime content when compared to similar studies. A high chemical similarity between nucleus mortars (opus signinum) and chemical composition differences between rudus and statumen mortars was determined, confirmed by statistical analyses. Their composition was distinctly related to the stratigraphic position of each floor mortar layer, following Vitruvius’ model, and to the external conditions and treatments (e.g., capillary rise with soluble salts and application of chemical treatments), to which they were submitted.This research was funded by GeoBioTec Research Centre (UIDB/04035/2020), funded by FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FEDER funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness Factors COMPETE and by national funds (OE), through FCT, in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of 29 August, changed by Law 57/2017, of 19 July

Multifunctional silane-based superhydrophobic/impregnation treatments for concrete producing C-S-H gel: Validation on mockup specimens from European heritage structures

Many of the concrete structures that conform our modern cultural heritage are in need of repair and protective interventions. Silane-based impregnation treatments can be used to repair onset cracks and reinforce the surface due to their ability to produce silica and C-S-H gels, and can be modified by incorporating hydrophobic precursors to create multifunctional treatments that also protect from water ingress. Since the effectiveness of impregnation treatments is dependent on substrate properties and chemical-physical changes it may have experienced over time, validation using standard materials may not always be representative of on-site application. In this work, the effectiveness of three innovative silane-based impregnation treatments developed by our group (two of them combining superhydrophobic properties) was evaluated on mockup specimens, which simulate the properties of the cementitious materials from six different heritage structures across Europe, artificially aged to simulate weathering by three methods: carbonation, chloride ingress and physical damages (freeze–thaw and thermal cycles). The characterization of the treatments showed they are compatible in terms of chemical interaction, applicability and minimal aesthetical alterations. Surface resistance and ultrasound pulse measurements have been used to assess the improvement in mechanical properties. The incorporation of hydrophobic components and fumed silica has a relatively low impact over the mechanical properties while it significantly reduces water absorption and grants water repellent properties to the surface, giving rise to a superhydrophobic performance. © 2022 The Author

Long-term outcome after a treosulfan-based conditioning regimen for patients with acute myeloid leukemia: A report from the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation

BACKGROUND: Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a curative therapy for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, post-HCT relapse and regimen-related toxicity remain significant barriers to long-term survival. In recent years, new conditioning regimens have been explored to improve transplantation outcomes in patients with AML. Treosulfan combines a potent immunosuppressive and antileukemic effect with a low toxicity profile. METHODS: To investigate the role of treosulfan-based conditioning, the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Acute Leukemia Working Party performed a registry analysis of 520 adult patients with AML who received treosulfan-based conditioning and underwent HCT between 2000 and 2012, including 225 patients in first complete remission, 107 in second or later complete remission, and 188 with active/advanced disease 188 (88 with primary refractory disease). The median patient age was 57 years (range, 20-73 years). Donors were human leukocyte antigen-identical siblings (n = 187), unrelated donors (n = 235), or mismatched related donors (n = 98). Conditioning regimens included treosulfan (42 g/m2 [n = 396], 36 g/m2 [n = 109], or 30 g/ m2 [n = 15]) with fludarabine or alkylating agents followed by infusion of hematopoietic stem cells (bone marrow, n = 52; peripheral blood, n = 468). RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 61 months, the 5-year overall survival, leukemia-free survival, relapse incidence, and nonrelapse mortality rates were 38%, 33%, 42%, and 25%, respectively. The incidence of grade II-IV acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease was 24% (grade III-V, 11%) and 38%, respectively. Only 11 patients (2%) developed veno-occlusive disease, with two deaths (0.4%) from veno-occlusive disease. CONCLUSIONS: Treosulfan-based conditioning regimens provide an acceptable long-term survival with favorable nonrelapse mortality and a very low risk of veno-occlusive disease. Further studies are needed to optimize the treosulfan-based conditioning regimen for patients with AML

J Occup Environ Med

Objective:To characterize differences in mining jobs and tenure between contemporary (born 1930+, working primarily with modern mining technologies) and historic coal miners with progressive massive fibrosis (PMF).Methods:We classified jobs as designated occupations (DOs) and non-DOs based on regulatory sampling requirements. Demographic, occupational characteristics, and histopathological PMF type were compared between groups.Results:Contemporary miners (n=33) had significantly shorter mean total (30.4 years vs. 37.1 years, p=0.0006) and underground (28.8 years vs. 35.8 years, p=0.001) mining tenure compared to historic miners (n=289). Silica-type PMF was significantly more common among miners in non-DOs (30.1% vs. 15.8%, p=0.03) and contemporary miners (58.1% vs. 15.2%, p<0.0001).Conclusions:Primary jobs changed over time with the introduction of modern mining technologies and likely changed exposures for workers. Elevated crystalline silica exposures are likely in non-DOs and require attention.CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHSUnited States

Eur Respir J

We studied whether ambient air pollution is associated with interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) and high attenuation areas (HAAs), which are qualitative and quantitative measurements of subclinical interstitial lung disease (ILD) on computed tomography (CT).We performed analyses of community-based dwellers enrolled in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study. We used cohort-specific spatio-temporal models to estimate ambient pollution (fine particulate matter (PM|), nitrogen oxides (NO|), nitrogen dioxide (NO|) and ozone (O|)) at each home. A total of 5495 participants underwent serial assessment of HAAs by cardiac CT; 2671 participants were assessed for ILAs using full lung CT at the 10-year follow-up. We used multivariable logistic regression and linear mixed models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education, tobacco use, scanner technology and study site.The odds of ILAs increased 1.77-fold per 40\u2005ppb increment in NO| (95% CI 1.06 to 2.95, p\u2005=\u20050.03). There was an overall trend towards an association between higher exposure to NO| and greater progression of HAAs (0.45% annual increase in HAAs per 40\u2005ppb increment in NO|; 95% CI -0.02 to 0.92, p\u2005=\u20050.06). Associations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM|), NO| and NO| concentrations with progression of HAAs varied by race/ethnicity (p\u2005=\u20050.002, 0.007, 0.04, respectively, for interaction) and were strongest among non-Hispanic white people.We conclude that ambient air pollution exposures were associated with subclinical ILD.20172018-12-07T00:00:00ZN01 HC095166/HC/WHI NIH HHS/United StatesN01HC95160/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesN01HC95163/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesUL1 TR001079/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United StatesN01 HC095164/HC/WHI NIH HHS/United StatesN01HC95169/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesR01 HL077612/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesK24 ES013195/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United StatesN01 HC095160/HC/WHI NIH HHS/United StatesN01HC95164/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesN01HC95162/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesN01HC95168/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesP50 ES015915/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United StatesN01 HC095168/HC/WHI NIH HHS/United StatesP30 ES007033/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United StatesN01HC95165/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesN01HC95159/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesCC999999/Intramural CDC HHS/United StatesN01HC95161/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesN01 HC095169/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesN01 HC095165/HC/WHI NIH HHS/United StatesT32 HL007287/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesN01 HC095161/HC/WHI NIH HHS/United StatesN01HC95167/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesUL1 TR000040/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United StatesK24 HL131937/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesR01 HL103676/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesN01HC95166/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesN01 HC095162/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/United StatesN01 HC095163/HC/WHI NIH HHS/United StatesN01 HC095159/HC/WHI NIH HHS/United States29217611PMC5726423695