Recovery from Spatial Neglect with Intra- and Transhemispheric Functional Connectivity Changes in Vestibular and Visual Cortex Areas-A Case Study

Objective: Vestibular signals are involved in higher cortical functions like spatial orientation and its disorders. Vestibular dysfunction contributes, for example, to spatial neglect which can be transiently improved by caloric stimulation. The exact roles and mechanisms of the vestibular and visual systems for the recovery of neglect are not yet known. Methods: Resting-state functional connectivity (fc) magnetic resonance imaging was recorded in a patient with hemispatial neglect during the acute phase and after recovery 6 months later following a right middle cerebral artery infarction before and after caloric vestibular stimulation. Seeds in the vestibular [parietal operculum (OP2)], the parietal [posterior parietal cortex (PPC);7A, hIP3], and the visual cortex (VC) were used for the analysis. Results: During the acute stage after caloric stimulation the fc of the right OP2 to the left OP2, the anterior cingulum, and the para/hippocampus was increased bilaterally (i.e., the vestibular network), while the interhemispheric fc was reduced between homologous regions in the VC. After 6 months, similar fc increases in the vestibular network were found without stimulation. In addition, fc increases of the OP2 to the PPC and the VC were seen;interhemispherically this was true for both PPCs and for the right PPC to both VCs. Conclusion: Improvement of neglect after caloric stimulation in the acute phase was associated with increased fc of vestibular cortex areas in both hemispheres to the para-hippocampus and the dorsal anterior cingulum, but simultaneously with reduced interhemispheric VC connectivity. This disclosed a, to some extent, similar but also distinct short-term mechanism (vestibular stimulation) of an improvement of spatial orientation compared to the long-term recovery of neglect

Separating Fusion from Rivalry

Visual fusion is the process in which differing but compatible binocular information is transformed into a unified percept. Even though this is at the basis of binocular vision, the underlying neural processes are, as yet, poorly understood. In our study we therefore aimed to investigate neural correlates of visual fusion. To this end, we presented binocularly compatible, fusible (BF),and incompatible, rivaling (BR) stimuli, as well as an intermediate stimulus type containing both binocularly fusible and monocular, incompatible elements (BFR). Comparing BFR stimuli with BF and BR stimuli, respectively, we were able to disentangle brain responses associated with either visual fusion or rivalry. By means of functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured brain responses to these stimulus classes in the visual cortex, and investigated them in detail at various retinal eccentricities. Compared with BF stimuli, the response to BFR stimuli was elevated in visual cortical areas V1 and V2, but not in V3 and V4 - implying that the response to monocular stimulus features decreased from V1 to V4. Compared to BR stimuli, the response to BFR stimuli decreased with increasing eccentricity, specifically within V3 and V4. Taken together, it seems that although the processing of exclusively monocular information decreases from V1 to V4, the processing of binocularly fused information increases from earlier to later visual areas. Our findings suggest the presence of an inhibitory neural mechanism which, depending on the presence of fusion, acts differently on the processing of monocular information

Asymétries fonctionnelles du cortex visuel observées par spectroscopie proche de l’infrarouge fonctionnelle

Les objectifs de ce mémoire sont d’étudier la rétinotopie et les asymétries fonctionnelles du cortex visuel chez l’humain avec la spectroscopie proche de l’infrarouge fonctionnelle (SPIRf), tout en confirmant la fiabilité de cette technique. Tel qu’attendu, les résultats montrent une activation plus forte dans l’hémisphère controlatéral et dans le cortex haut/bas inverse à l’hémichamp stimulé. Nous avons également mesuré une activation significativement plus forte dans le cortex visuel supérieur (lorsque le champ visuel inférieur était stimulé) que l’activation dans le cortex visuel inférieur (lorsque le champ visuel supérieur était stimulé), surtout lorsque ces stimuli étaient présentés dans le champ visuel droit. Il s’agit de la première étude en SPIRf à observer les asymétries horizontale et verticale du cortex visuel et à ainsi confirmer l’existence de ces asymétries. Cette étude témoigne également de la fiabilité de la SPIRf comme technique d’imagerie pour cartographier le cerveau humain.The present study aimed to further investigate retinotopic mapping and functional asymmetries within the human visual cortex using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), as well as the reliability of this technique. As expected, results showed a stronger visual cortical activation in the controlateral hemisphere and in the inverse upper/lower quadrant to the stimulation. We also measured significant stronger activations in the upper visual cortex (when lower hemifield stimuli were presented) compared to activations in the lower visual cortex (when upper hemifield stimuli were showed), especially when the visual stimulation was presented in the right visual field. This is the first study to confirm the vertical and horizontal asymmetries of the visual cortex with fNIRS technique. The present work also settles the reliability of this technique for functional mapping of the human brain

Linking retinotopic fMRI mapping and anatomical probability maps of human occipital areas V1 and V2

Using functional MRI, we characterized field sign maps of the occipital cortex and created three-dimensional maps of these areas. By averaging the individual maps into group maps, probability maps of functionally defined V1 or V2 were determined and compared to anatomical probability maps of Brodmann areas BA17 and BA18 derived from cytoarchitectonic analysis (Amunts, K., Malikovic, A., Mohlberg, H., Schormann, T., Zilles, K., 2000. Brodmann's areas 17 and 18 brought into stereotaxic space-where and how variable? NeuroImage 11, 66-84). Comparison of areas BA17/V1 and BA18/V2 revealed good agreement of the anatomical and functional probability maps. Taking into account that our functional stimulation (due to constraints of the visual angle of stimulation achievable in the MR scanner) only identified parts of V1 and V2, for statistical evaluation of the spatial correlation of V1 and BA17, or V2 and BA18, respectively, the a priori measure kappa was calculated testing the hypothesis that a region can only be part of functionally defined V1 or V2 if it is also in anatomically defined BA17 or BA18, respectively. kappa = 1 means the hypothesis is fully true, kappa = 0 means functionally and anatomically defined visual areas are independent. When applying this measure to the probability maps, kappa was equal to 0.84 for both V1/BA17 and V2/BA18. The data thus show a good correspondence of functionally and anatomically derived segregations of early visual processing areas and serve as a basis for employing anatomical probability maps of V1 and V2 in group analyses to characterize functional activations of early visual processing areas

Linking retinotopic fMRI mapping and anatomical probability maps of human occipital areas V1 and V2

Using functional MRI, we characterized field sign maps of the occipital cortex and created three-dimensional maps of these areas. By averaging the individual maps into group maps, probability maps of functionally defined V1 or V2 were determined and compared to anatomical probability maps of Brodmann areas BA17 and BA18 derived from cytoarchitectonic analysis (Amunts, K., Malikovic, A., Mohlberg, H., Schormann, T., Zilles, K., 2000. Brodmann's areas 17 and 18 brought into stereotaxic space—where and how variable? NeuroImage 11, 66–84). Comparison of areas BA17/V1 and BA18/V2 revealed good agreement of the anatomical and functional probability maps. Taking into account that our functional stimulation (due to constraints of the visual angle of stimulation achievable in the MR scanner) only identified parts of V1 and V2, for statistical evaluation of the spatial correlation of V1 and BA17, or V2 and BA18, respectively, the a priori measure κ was calculated testing the hypothesis that a region can only be part of functionally defined V1 or V2 if it is also in anatomically defined BA17 or BA18, respectively. κ = 1 means the hypothesis is fully true, κ = 0 means functionally and anatomically defined visual areas are independent. When applying this measure to the probability maps, κ was equal to 0.84 for both V1/BA17 and V2/BA18. The data thus show a good correspondence of functionally and anatomically derived segregations of early visual processing areas and serve as a basis for employing anatomical probability maps of V1 and V2 in group analyses to characterize functional activations of early visual processing areas

Generative models for group fMRI data

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-174).In this thesis, we develop an exploratory framework for design and analysis of fMRI studies. In our framework, the experimenter presents subjects with a broad set of stimuli/tasks relevant to the domain under study. The analysis method then automatically searches for likely patterns of functional specificity in the resulting data. This is in contrast to the traditional confirmatory approaches that require the experimenter to specify a narrow hypothesis a priori and aims to localize areas of the brain whose activation pattern agrees with the hypothesized response. To validate the hypothesis, it is usually assumed that detected areas should appear in consistent anatomical locations across subjects. Our approach relaxes the conventional anatomical consistency constraint to discover networks of functionally homogeneous but anatomically variable areas. Our analysis method relies on generative models that explain fMRI data across the group as collections of brain locations with similar profiles of functional specificity. We refer to each such collection as a functional system and model it as a component of a mixture model for the data. The search for patterns of specificity corresponds to inference on the hidden variables of the model based on the observed fMRI data. We also develop a nonparametric hierarchical Bayesian model for group fMRI data that integrates the mixture model prior over activations with a model for fMRI signals. We apply the algorithms in a study of high level vision where we consider a large space of patterns of category selectivity over 69 distinct images. The analysis successfully discovers previously characterized face, scene, and body selective areas, among a few others, as the most dominant patterns in the data. This finding suggests that our approach can be employed to search for novel patterns of functional specificity in high level perception and cognition.by Danial Lashkari.Ph.D

Occipito-temporal contributions to reading

The debate regarding the role of ventral occipito-temporal cortex (vOTC) in visual word recognition arises in part from difficulty delineating the functional contributions of vOTC as separate from other areas of the reading network. Successful transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the area could provide a novel source of information regarding the area’s function, by offering the possibility of temporarily, non-invasively perturbing its information processing and assessing the consequences on behaviour. However, the area is often considered too deep to successfully stimulate with TMS. Thus the initial step was the demonstration of the feasibility of stimulation, which I proved in the first series of experiments. The stimulation resulted in a disruption in visual word recognition that was stimulus- and site- specific. The second series of experiments further investigated the stimulus-specificity, demonstrating that the nature of this specificity was task-dependent. The final series of TMS experiments in the thesis utilised the high temporal resolution of TMS to map out the dynamics of processing in both left and right vOTC, revealing hemispheric asymmetries in the time course of ventral occipito-temporal processing consistent for both visual words and objects. To complete these experiments, I acquired a large amount of functional localiser data for neuronavigated TMS. This allowed the investigation of the effectiveness of fMRI localisation for TMS and in addition the investigation of the important issue of how consistent the functional regions of interest (fROI) produced by these scans are. The first of two experiments showed these fROIs may have surprisingly poor reliability while the second investigated how best they can be optimised, maximising reliability. In conclusion, my PhD has demonstrated the feasibility and potential of using TMS to investigate vOTC contributions to visual word and object recognition, providing a novel source of information capable of informing the ongoing debate concerning vOTC

Etude du traitement visuel rétinotopique des fréquences spatiales de scènes et plasticité cérébrale au cours du vieillissement normal et pathologique

Visual analysis begins with the parallel extraction of different attributes at different spatial frequencies. The aim of this thesis was to investigatethe mechanisms and the cerebral basis of spatial frequencies processing during scene categorization and their evolution during normal and pathological aging. As a first step, we performed two functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies on young adults with normal vision in order to design a retinotopic mapping tool that allows to localize cerebral activations, which is both fast and accurate (studies 1 and 2). As a second step, we studied via fMRI (study 3) the cerebral basis involved in spatial frequencies processing during scenes categorization in young adults with normal vision (study 3). We also assessedthe influence of RMS luminance contrast (“root mean square”) normalization of filtered scenes. Within the occipital cortex, we showed a retinotopic organization of spatial frequencies processing for large visual scenes. Within the occipito-temporal cortex, we showed that scenes-selective regions (the parahippocampal place area, retrosplenial cortex and occipital place area) are specifically involved in spatial frequencies processing. Also, we highlighted the factthat luminance contrast normalization changesboth the intensity and the size of cerebral activations. As a last step, we studiedspatial frequencies processing in normal and pathological aging. We first highlighted in normal aging (study 4) a specific deficit in the ability to categorize scenes with high spatial frequencies (HSF); this deficit was associated with a decrease of activation within the occipital cortex and scenes selective regions. In patients suffering from a loss in central vision due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD patients, studies 5 and 6), we showed an even more pronounced deficit of HSF processing than observed in normal aging. Interestingly, with respect to the assistance of AMD patients, we observed that increasing the contrast luminance of HSF scenes significantly improved their ability to categorize such scenes. In the end, these results allow us to better understand the neurofunctional mechanisms involved in the visual perception of scenes and to distinguish the cortical changes related to normal aging from those resulting from a visual pathology.Keywords: Visual scenes, Spatial frequencies, fMRI, Visual cortex, Retinotopy, Scene-selective regions, Normal aging, AMD.L'analyse visuelle de scènes débute par l'extraction en parallèle de différentes caractéristiques visuelles élémentaires à différentes fréquences spatiales. L'objectif de cette thèse a été de préciser les mécanismes et les bases cérébrales du traitement des fréquences spatiales lors de la catégorisation de scènes et leur évolution au cours du vieillissement normal et pathologique. Nous avons tout d'abord mené deux études en Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) sur des adultes jeunes avec une vision normale afin de proposer un outil de cartographie rétinotopique des aires visuelles permettant une localisation fine des activations cérébrales qui soit à la fois rapide et précis (Expériences 1 et 2). Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié via IRMf les bases cérébrales du traitement des fréquences spatiales lors de la catégorisation de scènes chez de jeunes adultes avec vision normale(Expérience 3). Nous avons également étudié l'influence de la normalisation RMS (« root mean square ») du contraste de luminance des scènes filtrées. Au sein du cortex occipital, nous avons montré une organisation rétinotopique du traitement des fréquences spatiales contenues dans de larges scènes visuelles. Au sein du cortex occipito-temporal, nous avons montré que les régions sélectives aux scènes (la « parahippocampal place area », le cortex retrosplenial et l'« occipital place area ») participent de façon distincte au traitement des fréquences spatiales. Enfin, nous avons montré que la normalisation du contraste de luminance modifiait l'intensité et l'étendue des activations cérébrales. Dans un dernier temps, nous avons ensuite étudié le traitement des fréquences spatiales au cours du vieillissement normal et pathologique. Nous avons tout d'abord montré, dans le cas du vieillissement normal (Expérience 4), un déficit spécifique de la catégorisation de scènes en hautes fréquences spatiales (HFS), associé à une hypo activation du cortex occipital et des régions sélectives aux scènes. Dans le cas de la perte de la vision centrale consécutive à une dégénérescence maculaire liée à l'âge (patients DMLA, Expériences 5 et 6), nous avons mis en évidence un déficit du traitement des HFS encore plus marqué que celui observé au cours du vieillissement normal. De façon intéressante pour l'aide aux patients DMLA, l'augmentation du contraste de luminance des scènes en HFS améliorait significativement leur catégorisation des scènes en HFS. Les résultats de ces travaux nous permettent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes neuro-fonctionnels impliqués dans la perception visuelle de scènes et de différencier les changements au niveau cortical liés au vieillissement normal de ceux résultant d'une pathologie visuelle.Mots clés : Scènes visuelles, Fréquences spatiales, IRMf, Cortex visuel, Rétinotopie, Régions sélectives aux scènes, Vieillissement normal, DMLA